{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389161259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3337004","title":"Understanding the Limits of LoRa Direct-to-Satellite: The Doppler Perspectives","display_name":"Understanding the Limits of LoRa Direct-to-Satellite: The Doppler Perspectives","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389161259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3337004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3337004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3337004","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10335927.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10335927.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101735265","display_name":"Muhammad Asad Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3594-8910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asad Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, The University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3594-8910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, The University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083637183","display_name":"Gianni Pasolini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2508-6790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianni Pasolini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","CNIT, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2508-6790","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091143974","display_name":"Konstantin Mikhaylov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5518-6629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantin Mikhaylov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, The University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5518-6629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, The University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040878028","display_name":"Hirley Alves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8689-5313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hirley Alves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, The University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8689-5313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, The University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1369,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1476},"fwci":3.6212,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94356702,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"51","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lpwan","display_name":"LPWAN","score":0.8531952500343323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-budget","display_name":"Link budget","score":0.7471969723701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7216675281524658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.6932410001754761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.6543610692024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6052600741386414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.594780683517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-satellite","display_name":"Communications satellite","score":0.4842095375061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-budget","display_name":"Power budget","score":0.47687798738479614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.36055415868759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3570104241371155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3564869165420532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3268570303916931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2756778597831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.24675911664962769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-control","display_name":"Power control","score":0.1565006673336029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10182425379753113}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20706829","display_name":"LPWAN","level":3,"score":0.8531952500343323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94137725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509342","display_name":"Link budget","level":3,"score":0.7471969723701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7216675281524658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.6932410001754761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.6543610692024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6052600741386414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.594780683517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.4842095375061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149768029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509342","display_name":"Power budget","level":4,"score":0.47687798738479614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.36055415868759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3570104241371155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3564869165420532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3268570303916931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2756778597831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.24675911664962769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.1565006673336029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10182425379753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3337004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3337004","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10335927.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/956016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/956016","pdf_url":"https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/956016/1/Understanding_the_Limits_of_LoRa_Direct-to-Satellite_The_Doppler_Perspectives.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:42191de488e24359aa9f84b083aa39bb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/42191de488e24359aa9f84b083aa39bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 5, Pp 51-63 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3337004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3337004","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10335927.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327732","display_name":"Walter Ahlstr\u00f6min S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","ror":"https://ror.org/00vdff906"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","display_name":"Business Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgf9v38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389161259.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389161259.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991539161","https://openalex.org/W2461403522","https://openalex.org/W2595511394","https://openalex.org/W2790717535","https://openalex.org/W2896912660","https://openalex.org/W2947827092","https://openalex.org/W2992679867","https://openalex.org/W3084193483","https://openalex.org/W3089706104","https://openalex.org/W3152701048","https://openalex.org/W3169385106","https://openalex.org/W3195601602","https://openalex.org/W3199881787","https://openalex.org/W3201561247","https://openalex.org/W4200261103","https://openalex.org/W4283022838","https://openalex.org/W4285048568","https://openalex.org/W4285290739","https://openalex.org/W4296436848","https://openalex.org/W4297099584","https://openalex.org/W4309164394","https://openalex.org/W4379528313","https://openalex.org/W4389161259"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2780275797","https://openalex.org/W3180089253","https://openalex.org/W2100472566","https://openalex.org/W2033979504","https://openalex.org/W4367147674","https://openalex.org/W2342650964","https://openalex.org/W1669017863","https://openalex.org/W2364404207","https://openalex.org/W2971124593","https://openalex.org/W2940099852"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Long":[1],"Range":[2],"(LoRa)":[3],"modulation":[4,32],"enables":[5],"low-cost":[6],"and":[7,54,63,86,148,169,232,245,265,305],"low-power":[8,19],"communications,":[9],"serving":[10],"as":[11,25,36,235],"the":[12,15,60,65,71,83,87,92,109,112,120,123,131,161,172,175,179,193,201,206,209,226,253,256,268,282,287],"foundation":[13],"for":[14,135,146,225,259,273,309],"widely":[16],"adopted":[17],"terrestrial":[18,57,219],"wide-area":[20],"network":[21,88],"(LPWAN)":[22],"technology":[23],"known":[24],"LoRaWAN.":[26],"Owing":[27],"to":[28,40,217,261],"its":[29],"effectiveness,":[30],"this":[31,165],"scheme":[33],"is":[34,68],"emerging":[35],"a":[37,105,136,144,156,218,310],"potential":[38],"option":[39],"provide":[41],"direct-to-satellite":[42],"(DtS)":[43],"connectivity":[44,264],"supporting":[45],"internet-of-things":[46],"(IoT)":[47],"applications":[48],"in":[49,74,160,208],"remote":[50],"or":[51],"hard-to-reach":[52],"areas,":[53],"complementing":[55],"existing":[56],"networks.":[58],"Besides":[59],"link":[61,84],"budget":[62,85],"interference,":[64],"Doppler":[66,113,132,158,176,196,199],"effect":[67,114,133,159,177,194],"one":[69],"of":[70,94,111,122,139,151,174,181,195,212,228,270,286],"main":[72],"challenges":[73],"LoRa":[75,96,116,152,182,257],"DtS":[76,117,153],"connectivity.":[77],"Earlier":[78],"studies":[79,107,128],"have":[80],"extensively":[81],"investigated":[82],"scalability":[89],"aspects,":[90],"confirming":[91],"feasibility":[93],"integrating":[95],"with":[97,215],"Low":[98],"Earth":[99],"Orbit":[100],"(LEO)":[101],"satellites.":[102],"However,":[103],"only":[104],"few":[106],"examine":[108],"influence":[110],"on":[115,178],"performance.":[118],"Specifically,":[119,277],"majority":[121],"available":[124],"literature":[125],"report":[126],"empirical":[127],"that":[129,281],"analyze":[130],"solely":[134],"specific":[137],"set":[138],"communication":[140],"parameters.":[141],"There":[142],"remains":[143],"need":[145],"extensive":[147],"comprehensive":[149],"examination":[150],"performance":[154],"under":[155],"strong":[157],"LEO":[162,213,241,262],"scenario.":[163],"In":[164,185],"paper,":[166],"we":[167,187],"discuss":[168],"thoroughly":[170],"investigate":[171],"impact":[173],"reliability":[180],"satellite":[183,263,311],"links.":[184],"particular,":[186],"analytically":[188],"study":[189],"packet":[190,283],"losses,":[191],"distinguishing":[192],"shift":[197],"from":[198],"rate,":[200],"latter":[202],"being":[203],"caused":[204],"by":[205],"variation":[207],"relative":[210],"speed":[211],"satellites":[214],"respect":[216],"IoT":[220],"end-device.":[221],"Our":[222],"analysis":[223],"accounts":[224],"effects":[227],"key":[229],"communications":[230],"parameters":[231,272],"settings,":[233],"such":[234],"bandwidths,":[236],"carrier":[237,303],"frequency,":[238,304],"MAC":[239],"payload,":[240],"satellite\u2019s":[242],"orbital":[243],"height,":[244],"LoRaWAN":[246],"low":[247],"data":[248],"rate":[249],"optimization":[250],"(LDRO).":[251],"Notably,":[252],"results":[254,279],"identify":[255],"boundaries":[258],"direct":[260],"can":[266],"facilitate":[267],"selection":[269],"suitable":[271],"future":[274],"system":[275],"designs.":[276],"our":[278],"demonstrate":[280],"delivery":[284],"ratio":[285],"most":[288],"vulnerable":[289],"spreading":[290],"factor,":[291],"i.e.,":[292],"SF12,":[293],"exceeds":[294],"82%":[295],"when":[296],"using":[297],"125":[298],"kHz":[299],"bandwidth,":[300],"433":[301],"MHz":[302],"59":[306],"bytes":[307],"payload":[308],"orbiting":[312],"at":[313],"560":[314],"km":[315],"height.":[316]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}