{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387918456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3327211","title":"Artificial Intelligence in Visible Light Positioning for Indoor IoT: A Methodological Review","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Visible Light Positioning for Indoor IoT: A Methodological Review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387918456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3327211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3327211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3327211","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10293149.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10293149.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089293990","display_name":"Vasileios P. Rekkas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9171-8023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vasileios P. Rekkas","raw_affiliation_strings":["ELEDIA&#x0040;AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9171-8023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ELEDIA&#x0040;AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006295664","display_name":"Lazaros Alexios Iliadis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8090-1519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lazaros Alexios Iliadis","raw_affiliation_strings":["ELEDIA&#x0040;AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8090-1519","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ELEDIA&#x0040;AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058591520","display_name":"Sotirios P. Sotiroudis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3557-9211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sotirios P. Sotiroudis","raw_affiliation_strings":["ELEDIA&#x0040;AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3557-9211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ELEDIA&#x0040;AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001670268","display_name":"Achilles D. Boursianis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5614-9056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Achilles D. Boursianis","raw_affiliation_strings":["ELEDIA&#x0040;AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5614-9056","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ELEDIA&#x0040;AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050756789","display_name":"Panagiotis Sarigiannidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6042-0355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89506807","display_name":"University of Western Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/00a5pe906","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89506807"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis Sarigiannidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6042-0355","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89506807"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021128973","display_name":"David Plets","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8879-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Plets","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, imec-WAVES Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","Department of Information Technology (INTEC), imec-WAVES Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8879-5076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, imec-WAVES Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), imec-WAVES Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018341759","display_name":"Wout Joseph","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-0673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wout Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, imec-WAVES Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","Department of Information Technology (INTEC), imec-WAVES Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-0673","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, imec-WAVES Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), imec-WAVES Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003203521","display_name":"Shaohua Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7013-9081"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaohua Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7013-9081","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027653881","display_name":"Christos G. Christodoulou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9306-8666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos G. Christodoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9306-8666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061744244","display_name":"George K. Karagiannidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8810-0345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}],"countries":["GR","LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George K. Karagiannidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","Cyber Security Systems and Applied AI Research Center, Lebanese American University (LAU), Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8810-0345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Systems and Applied AI Research Center, Lebanese American University (LAU), Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031068531","display_name":"Sotirios K. Goudos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5981-5683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I860813019","display_name":"Bharath University","ror":"https://ror.org/04yazpn06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I860813019"]}],"countries":["GR","IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sotirios K. Goudos","raw_affiliation_strings":["ELEDIA&#x0040;AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bharath University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5981-5683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ELEDIA&#x0040;AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bharath University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I860813019"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089293990"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":5.2589,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96374529,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"2838","last_page":"2869"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.7625038623809814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7331534624099731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.6095654964447021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5946907997131348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5490303039550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5403876304626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49673181772232056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.45279914140701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.43842968344688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position-paper","display_name":"Position paper","score":0.42479971051216125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.40449023246765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33665406703948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.18274164199829102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14137551188468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08524429798126221}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.7625038623809814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7331534624099731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6095654964447021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5946907997131348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5490303039550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5403876304626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49673181772232056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.45279914140701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.43842968344688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78780964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233193","display_name":"Position paper","level":2,"score":0.42479971051216125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.40449023246765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33665406703948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.18274164199829102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14137551188468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08524429798126221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3327211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3327211","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10293149.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01HNAYH2Z1NM0S7KDAT5AAYHKN","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01HNAYH2Z1NM0S7KDAT5AAYHKN","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01HNAYH2Z1NM0S7KDAT5AAYHKN/file/01HNAYMQ68NFJ2HEY7D4F0HMXE.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2644-125X","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:807adfa565b14afe89a9871863685d28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/807adfa565b14afe89a9871863685d28","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 4, Pp 2838-2869 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3327211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3327211","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10293149.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327859","display_name":"Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387918456.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387918456.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":181,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1128809682","https://openalex.org/W1494922272","https://openalex.org/W1593984360","https://openalex.org/W2028759731","https://openalex.org/W2059515884","https://openalex.org/W2111566853","https://openalex.org/W2143451729","https://openalex.org/W2144644352","https://openalex.org/W2156194072","https://openalex.org/W2166724350","https://openalex.org/W2168747298","https://openalex.org/W2294949633","https://openalex.org/W2379838048","https://openalex.org/W2584241517","https://openalex.org/W2586530066","https://openalex.org/W2596118521","https://openalex.org/W2747429511","https://openalex.org/W2749750670","https://openalex.org/W2761110051","https://openalex.org/W2768755346","https://openalex.org/W2768910390","https://openalex.org/W2773033597","https://openalex.org/W2778685442","https://openalex.org/W2780197004","https://openalex.org/W2781619703","https://openalex.org/W2791124749","https://openalex.org/W2794494292","https://openalex.org/W2795038240","https://openalex.org/W2800495094","https://openalex.org/W2802162059","https://openalex.org/W2803097756","https://openalex.org/W2810093752","https://openalex.org/W2886626883","https://openalex.org/W2891700425","https://openalex.org/W2893714355","https://openalex.org/W2894672067","https://openalex.org/W2895735188","https://openalex.org/W2896075263","https://openalex.org/W2901276090","https://openalex.org/W2901563609","https://openalex.org/W2907153016","https://openalex.org/W2907413692","https://openalex.org/W2908261578","https://openalex.org/W2914062962","https://openalex.org/W2921279259","https://openalex.org/W2921750242","https://openalex.org/W2922516170","https://openalex.org/W2937981473","https://openalex.org/W2941394127","https://openalex.org/W2945326369","https://openalex.org/W2945941376","https://openalex.org/W2947943031","https://openalex.org/W2952114569","https://openalex.org/W2955338161","https://openalex.org/W2959983059","https://openalex.org/W2963528055","https://openalex.org/W2964132194","https://openalex.org/W2965596286","https://openalex.org/W2968388673","https://openalex.org/W2968831808","https://openalex.org/W2971134816","https://openalex.org/W2985752695","https://openalex.org/W2989675246","https://openalex.org/W2989706233","https://openalex.org/W2995551325","https://openalex.org/W2996027253","https://openalex.org/W2996886713","https://openalex.org/W3000438138","https://openalex.org/W3003364362","https://openalex.org/W3009570207","https://openalex.org/W3016540252","https://openalex.org/W3019913914","https://openalex.org/W3020687048","https://openalex.org/W3021525650","https://openalex.org/W3021842317","https://openalex.org/W3034702683","https://openalex.org/W3036377842","https://openalex.org/W3040016642","https://openalex.org/W3081055419","https://openalex.org/W3081439660","https://openalex.org/W3087081046","https://openalex.org/W3088684199","https://openalex.org/W3089147501","https://openalex.org/W3089260491","https://openalex.org/W3089875883","https://openalex.org/W3096029046","https://openalex.org/W3099646280","https://openalex.org/W3102094077","https://openalex.org/W3102200752","https://openalex.org/W3102219235","https://openalex.org/W3106101345","https://openalex.org/W3107841742","https://openalex.org/W3108914020","https://openalex.org/W3109419789","https://openalex.org/W3111288590","https://openalex.org/W3112411265","https://openalex.org/W3130958494","https://openalex.org/W3131461523","https://openalex.org/W3131784015","https://openalex.org/W3131830212","https://openalex.org/W3132166193","https://openalex.org/W3134663493","https://openalex.org/W3135397223","https://openalex.org/W3135730722","https://openalex.org/W3138625890","https://openalex.org/W3139362963","https://openalex.org/W3141622885","https://openalex.org/W3154241560","https://openalex.org/W3162589060","https://openalex.org/W3164621419","https://openalex.org/W3171445860","https://openalex.org/W3172003593","https://openalex.org/W3176701244","https://openalex.org/W3180356523","https://openalex.org/W3185078080","https://openalex.org/W3185475837","https://openalex.org/W3186342110","https://openalex.org/W3187824464","https://openalex.org/W3188596831","https://openalex.org/W3197571747","https://openalex.org/W3198400168","https://openalex.org/W3200955720","https://openalex.org/W3204738513","https://openalex.org/W3205632504","https://openalex.org/W3209340886","https://openalex.org/W3209800336","https://openalex.org/W3212583327","https://openalex.org/W3212922044","https://openalex.org/W3213648339","https://openalex.org/W3214724424","https://openalex.org/W3216140718","https://openalex.org/W3216942430","https://openalex.org/W3217374538","https://openalex.org/W4205657227","https://openalex.org/W4205788618","https://openalex.org/W4210474745","https://openalex.org/W4210474826","https://openalex.org/W4210859290","https://openalex.org/W4211167660","https://openalex.org/W4213418104","https://openalex.org/W4220676370","https://openalex.org/W4224229915","https://openalex.org/W4224271867","https://openalex.org/W4225359190","https://openalex.org/W4225826606","https://openalex.org/W4226053946","https://openalex.org/W4226190813","https://openalex.org/W4280541727","https://openalex.org/W4281965879","https://openalex.org/W4285228136","https://openalex.org/W4285305149","https://openalex.org/W4285602702","https://openalex.org/W4286579571","https://openalex.org/W4286656616","https://openalex.org/W4292267324","https://openalex.org/W4293197717","https://openalex.org/W4293704597","https://openalex.org/W4296893509","https://openalex.org/W4296915478","https://openalex.org/W4296962945","https://openalex.org/W4297539400","https://openalex.org/W4308364074","https://openalex.org/W4309212882","https://openalex.org/W4309325344","https://openalex.org/W4311210100","https://openalex.org/W4312266802","https://openalex.org/W4312663741","https://openalex.org/W4312910656","https://openalex.org/W4312986512","https://openalex.org/W4313156995","https://openalex.org/W4313443015","https://openalex.org/W4313479509","https://openalex.org/W4313655644","https://openalex.org/W4315815692","https://openalex.org/W4319311823","https://openalex.org/W4319870314","https://openalex.org/W6747512288","https://openalex.org/W6748869374","https://openalex.org/W6759378234","https://openalex.org/W6782632865","https://openalex.org/W6797504582"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2501797479","https://openalex.org/W2997630107","https://openalex.org/W3109516991","https://openalex.org/W2291056487","https://openalex.org/W2395898055","https://openalex.org/W2779101090","https://openalex.org/W2289948051","https://openalex.org/W2914749690","https://openalex.org/W2023349735","https://openalex.org/W1540338556"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"communication":[1,62],"and":[2,26,36,86,95,129,141,162,190,209,219,228],"positioning":[3,31],"are":[4,99,182],"significant":[5],"fields":[6],"of":[7,12,19,81,112,117,175,200,217,233],"applications":[8],"for":[9,39,145,188],"indoor":[10,43,132],"Internet":[11],"Things":[13],"(IoT)":[14],"given":[15],"the":[16,58,76,79,106,110,115,121,150,176,197,201],"rapid":[17,77],"growth":[18],"IoT":[20,45,133],"in":[21,60,70,83,92,114,125,149,156,179,193,215,231],"smart":[22,24,27],"cities,":[23],"grids,":[25],"industries.":[28],"Visible":[29],"light":[30],"(VLP)":[32],"has":[33,51],"become":[34],"more":[35,37],"attractive":[38],"researchers":[40],"to":[41,56,119,170],"provide":[42],"location-aware":[44],"services.":[46],"Additionally,":[47],"artificial":[48],"intelligence":[49],"(AI)":[50],"attracted":[52],"considerable":[53],"research":[54,97,107,148,202],"effort":[55],"address":[57],"challenges":[59,98],"visible-light":[61],"(VLC)":[63],"systems.":[64],"This":[65,102,135],"is":[66,89],"an":[67],"emerging":[68],"technology":[69],"next-generation":[71],"wireless":[72],"networks.":[73],"However,":[74],"despite":[75],"progress,":[78],"use":[80,111],"AI":[82,113,177],"localization,":[84],"navigation,":[85],"position":[87,122,191,234],"estimation":[88,123,192,235],"still":[90,100],"underexplored":[91],"VLC":[93,194],"systems,":[94,195],"various":[96],"open.":[101],"methodological":[103],"review":[104],"summarizes":[105],"efforts":[108],"regarding":[109],"field":[116],"VLP,":[118],"improve":[120],"accuracy":[124],"both":[126],"two-dimensional":[127],"(2D)":[128],"three-dimensional":[130],"(3D)":[131],"applications.":[134],"treatise":[136],"also":[137],"presents":[138],"open":[139],"issues":[140],"potential":[142],"future":[143],"directions":[144],"motivating":[146],"further":[147],"field.":[151],"Various":[152],"databases":[153],"were":[154],"utilized":[155],"this":[157],"paper:":[158],"Scopus,":[159],"Google":[160],"Scholar,":[161],"IEEE":[163],"Xplore;":[164],"obtained":[165],"88":[166],"papers":[167],"from":[168],"2017":[169],"early":[171],"2023.":[172],"Most":[173],"(68%)":[174],"articles":[178,203],"VLP":[180],"systems":[181],"machine":[183],"learning":[184],"(ML)":[185],"methods":[186],"applied":[187],"localization":[189],"while":[196],"other":[198],"32%":[199],"focussed":[204],"on":[205],"evolutionary":[206,210],"algorithms.":[207],"ML":[208],"models":[211],"may":[212],"present":[213],"limitations":[214],"terms":[216,232],"complexity":[218],"time-consuming":[220],"nature":[221],"but":[222],"offer":[223],"highly":[224],"accurate,":[225],"robust,":[226],"reliable,":[227],"cost-effective":[229],"results":[230],"over":[236],"conventional":[237],"approaches.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T08:33:51.333923","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
