{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386038304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3307209","title":"Toward a Fully-Observable Markov Decision Process With Generative Models for Integrated 6G-Non-Terrestrial Networks","display_name":"Toward a Fully-Observable Markov Decision Process With Generative Models for Integrated 6G-Non-Terrestrial Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386038304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3307209"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3307209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3307209","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10225588.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10225588.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004767791","display_name":"Achilles Machumilane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0260-2465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Machumilane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091257734","display_name":"Pietro Cassar\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3704-4133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Cassara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science and Technologies, CNR, Pisa, Italy","Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies, CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048540584","display_name":"Alberto Gotta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8134-7844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Gotta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science and Technologies, CNR, Pisa, Italy","Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies, CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004767791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504","https://openalex.org/I122991210"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":13.1653,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98185771,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"1913","last_page":"1930"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partially-observable-markov-decision-process","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","score":0.8582942485809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7725225687026978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.6666684150695801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5679633021354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4348784387111664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39347606897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.38669562339782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3829382061958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3614759147167206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.3313259482383728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3295292854309082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.8582942485809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7725225687026978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.6666684150695801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5679633021354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4348784387111664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39347606897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.38669562339782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3829382061958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3614759147167206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.3313259482383728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3295292854309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3307209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3307209","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10225588.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:people______::7388a8241f4dd61a154ac1591a8c732a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055261","display_name":"ISTI Open Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY, vol. 4, pp. 1913-1930","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d2e077e12b144812b2631c5311e39ae4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d2e077e12b144812b2631c5311e39ae4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 4, Pp 1913-1930 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:8430922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2023.3307209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3307209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3307209","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10225588.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1857088242","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Mission 4","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2233891588","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE_0000001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2736617059","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101081983","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3478515953","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CN00000023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5538284277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"National Recovery","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5689797814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RESTART","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7205771190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386038304.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386038304.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525516324","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1986711178","https://openalex.org/W2067050450","https://openalex.org/W2108787612","https://openalex.org/W2123651102","https://openalex.org/W2136850962","https://openalex.org/W2141081482","https://openalex.org/W2154564162","https://openalex.org/W2438667436","https://openalex.org/W2476621956","https://openalex.org/W2563236814","https://openalex.org/W2591938480","https://openalex.org/W2898652425","https://openalex.org/W2922988740","https://openalex.org/W2949399848","https://openalex.org/W2963599029","https://openalex.org/W2975158636","https://openalex.org/W2983432303","https://openalex.org/W3005526854","https://openalex.org/W3011988020","https://openalex.org/W3013878260","https://openalex.org/W3034631130","https://openalex.org/W3088718199","https://openalex.org/W3089283090","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3097673215","https://openalex.org/W3105536548","https://openalex.org/W3112014495","https://openalex.org/W3171383081","https://openalex.org/W3214727290","https://openalex.org/W4205355655","https://openalex.org/W4288296172","https://openalex.org/W4293057565","https://openalex.org/W4293193683","https://openalex.org/W4294541506","https://openalex.org/W4361279852","https://openalex.org/W4378468511","https://openalex.org/W4378945186","https://openalex.org/W4385805144","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6729881831","https://openalex.org/W6765451912","https://openalex.org/W6852629313","https://openalex.org/W6853416952"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096013579","https://openalex.org/W1589140671","https://openalex.org/W1760611253","https://openalex.org/W52153049","https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W2951545791","https://openalex.org/W1515117609","https://openalex.org/W2294884454","https://openalex.org/W2937181779","https://openalex.org/W2386410636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,40,96,121,244],"upcoming":[1],"sixth":[2],"generation":[3],"(6G)":[4],"mobile":[5,11],"networks":[6,12,15,197],"require":[7],"integration":[8,45],"between":[9,53],"terrestrial":[10],"and":[13,20,28,36,58,73,79,108,199,260,278,303],"non-terrestrial":[14],"(NTN)":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18,126],"satellites":[19,91],"high":[21,31,37],"altitude":[22],"platforms":[23],"(HAPs)":[24],"to":[25,89,99,114,161,181,203,225,254,288],"ensure":[26],"wide":[27],"ubiquitous":[29],"coverage,":[30],"connection":[32],"density,":[33],"reliable":[34],"communications":[35],"data":[38],"rates.":[39],"main":[41],"challenge":[42],"in":[43,92,256,292],"this":[44,62,174],"is":[46,124,286],"the":[47,54,59,101,105,135,140,143,152,162,209,216,219,223,241,252,269,300,307,312,315],"requirement":[48],"for":[49,76,266],"line-of-sight":[50],"(LOS)":[51],"communication":[52],"user":[55,87],"equipment":[56,88],"(UE)":[57],"satellite.":[60],"In":[61],"paper,":[63],"we":[64,177],"propose":[65],"a":[66,86,127,150,156,167,183,186,257],"framework":[67,250],"based":[68],"on":[69,82,111],"actorcritic":[70],"reinforcement":[71],"learning":[72,122,153,220,242,308],"generative":[74,179,195,290],"models":[75,180,291,302],"LOS":[77,102],"estimation":[78],"traffic":[80,110],"scheduling":[81],"multiple":[83,90],"links":[84,113],"connecting":[85],"6G-NTN":[93],"integrated":[94],"networks.":[95],"agent":[97,136,154,217,224,253],"learns":[98],"estimate":[100],"probabilities":[103],"of":[104,142,208,229,268,299,314],"available":[106],"channels":[107,144,210],"schedules":[109],"appropriate":[112],"minimise":[115],"end-to-end":[116,276],"losses":[117,277],"with":[118,262],"minimal":[119],"bandwidth.":[120,280],"process":[123,132,191,309],"modelled":[125],"partially":[128],"observable":[129,188],"Markov":[130,189],"decision":[131,190],"(POMDP),":[133],"since":[134],"can":[137],"only":[138],"observe":[139],"state":[141],"it":[145,285],"has":[146],"just":[147],"accessed.":[148],"As":[149],"result,":[151],"requires":[155],"longer":[157],"convergence":[158],"time":[159,259,294],"compared":[160],"satellite":[163,169,270],"visibility":[164,271],"period":[165],"at":[166],"given":[168],"elevation":[170],"angle.":[171],"To":[172],"counteract":[173],"slow":[175],"convergence,":[176],"use":[178,194],"transform":[182],"POMDP":[184],"into":[185],"fully":[187],"(FOMDP).":[192],"We":[193,281],"adversarial":[196],"(GANs)":[198],"variational":[200],"autoencoders":[201],"(VAEs)":[202],"generate":[204],"synthetic":[205],"channel":[206,301],"states":[207],"that":[211,234,248,284],"are":[212,235],"not":[213,236],"selected":[214],"by":[215],"during":[218],"process,":[221],"allowing":[222],"have":[226],"complete":[227],"knowledge":[228,298],"all":[230],"channels,":[231],"including":[232],"those":[233],"accessed,":[237],"thus":[238],"speeding":[239],"up":[240],"process.":[243],"simulation":[245],"results":[246],"show":[247,283],"our":[249],"enables":[251],"converge":[255],"short":[258],"transmit":[261],"an":[263],"optimal":[264],"policy":[265],"most":[267],"period,":[272],"which":[273],"significantly":[274],"reduces":[275],"saves":[279],"also":[282],"possible":[287],"train":[289],"real":[293],"without":[295,304],"requiring":[296],"prior":[297],"slowing":[305],"down":[306],"or":[310],"affecting":[311],"accuracy":[313],"models.":[316]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
