{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384787787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3296378","title":"HAPS-UAV-Enabled Heterogeneous Networks: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"HAPS-UAV-Enabled Heterogeneous Networks: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384787787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3296378"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3296378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3296378","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10185601.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10185601.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061168650","display_name":"Atefeh Hajijamali Arani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4177-3558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Atefeh Hajijamali Arani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101976436","display_name":"Peng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9069-0484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Technologies Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Waterloo, Canada","Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Technologies Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080452531","display_name":"Yeying Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeying Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061168650"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":25.4536,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99405198,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"1745","last_page":"1760"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8364211320877075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8006110191345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6727376580238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6180598139762878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.613359808921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.567728579044342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5033804774284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4699647128582001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4353655278682709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.37870141863822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36030659079551697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3402584493160248}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8364211320877075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8006110191345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6727376580238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6180598139762878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.613359808921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.567728579044342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5033804774284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4699647128582001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4353655278682709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37870141863822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36030659079551697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3402584493160248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3296378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3296378","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10185601.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.ca:cistinparc:30e08f18-c7f7-4205-8caf-2e704627d0e6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=30e08f18-c7f7-4205-8caf-2e704627d0e6","pdf_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/ft/?id=30e08f18-c7f7-4205-8caf-2e704627d0e6","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055245","display_name":"NPARC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:970617f4776c4adb96ac5926ad80f5cb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/970617f4776c4adb96ac5926ad80f5cb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 4, Pp 1745-1760 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3296378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3296378","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/10185601.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1304196372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1550422665","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2022-03364","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1597412403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5057162122","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CH-HTSN-418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334601","funder_display_name":"National Research Council Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6221715925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8105784103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8284766523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NSERC)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334601","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384787787.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384787787.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W155432278","https://openalex.org/W1541730457","https://openalex.org/W1810943226","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1969289004","https://openalex.org/W1969791930","https://openalex.org/W2001214508","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2148135143","https://openalex.org/W2164271287","https://openalex.org/W2167156358","https://openalex.org/W2172869910","https://openalex.org/W2406356325","https://openalex.org/W2607844664","https://openalex.org/W2770894874","https://openalex.org/W2773861676","https://openalex.org/W2890755534","https://openalex.org/W2896398456","https://openalex.org/W2920312006","https://openalex.org/W2952736579","https://openalex.org/W2963079702","https://openalex.org/W2963569053","https://openalex.org/W2964221329","https://openalex.org/W2981078741","https://openalex.org/W2988592481","https://openalex.org/W3013960924","https://openalex.org/W3034653302","https://openalex.org/W3035685590","https://openalex.org/W3038366466","https://openalex.org/W3081243160","https://openalex.org/W3098060190","https://openalex.org/W3108579079","https://openalex.org/W3114589853","https://openalex.org/W3117549139","https://openalex.org/W3120420594","https://openalex.org/W3132115930","https://openalex.org/W3137963285","https://openalex.org/W3164857921","https://openalex.org/W3175953858","https://openalex.org/W3176727369","https://openalex.org/W3190231461","https://openalex.org/W3197523458","https://openalex.org/W3202977637","https://openalex.org/W3213889621","https://openalex.org/W4206445469","https://openalex.org/W4207082275","https://openalex.org/W4210242265","https://openalex.org/W4214904220","https://openalex.org/W4226189128","https://openalex.org/W4280558283","https://openalex.org/W4285288692","https://openalex.org/W4310419452","https://openalex.org/W6632593403","https://openalex.org/W6638273328","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6846911491"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W4378874356","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W2369811061","https://openalex.org/W3089997100"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,119],"integrated":[1,27],"use":[2],"of":[3,36,61,95,97,125],"non-terrestrial":[4],"network":[5,59],"(NTN)":[6],"entities":[7,38],"such":[8],"as":[9],"the":[10,25,31,76,93,106,116,135],"high-altitude":[11],"platform":[12,17],"station":[13,18],"(HAPS)":[14],"and":[15,34,39,63,79,92,111,129,138,154],"low-altitude":[16],"(LAPS)":[19],"has":[20],"become":[21],"essential":[22],"elements":[23],"in":[24],"space-air-ground":[26],"networks":[28],"(SAGINs).":[29],"However,":[30],"complexity,":[32],"mobility,":[33],"heterogeneity":[35],"NTN":[37],"resources":[40],"present":[41],"various":[42],"challenges":[43],"from":[44],"system":[45],"design":[46],"to":[47,55,100,133],"deployment.":[48],"This":[49],"paper":[50],"proposes":[51],"a":[52,57,87,123],"novel":[53],"approach":[54,72,121,150],"designing":[56],"heterogeneous":[58],"consisting":[60],"HAPSs":[62],"unmanned":[64],"aerial":[65,83],"vehicles":[66],"(UAVs)":[67],"being":[68],"LAPS":[69],"entities.":[70],"Our":[71],"involves":[73],"jointly":[74],"optimizing":[75],"three-dimensional":[77],"trajectory":[78],"channel":[80,139],"allocation":[81,140],"for":[82],"base":[84,109],"stations,":[85],"with":[86],"focus":[88],"on":[89,108],"ensuring":[90],"fairness":[91],"provision":[94],"quality":[96],"service":[98],"(QoS)":[99],"ground":[101],"users.":[102],"Furthermore,":[103],"we":[104],"consider":[105],"load":[107],"stations":[110],"incorporate":[112],"this":[113],"information":[114],"into":[115],"optimization":[117],"problem.":[118],"proposed":[120,147],"utilizes":[122],"combination":[124],"deep":[126,148],"reinforcement":[127],"learning":[128],"fixed-point":[130],"iteration":[131],"techniques":[132],"determine":[134],"UAV":[136],"locations":[137],"strategies.":[141],"Simulation":[142],"results":[143],"reveal":[144],"that":[145],"our":[146],"learning-based":[149,153],"significantly":[151],"outperforms":[152],"conventional":[155],"benchmark":[156],"models.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
