{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313291262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2022.3232065","title":"New LLRT-Based Methods for Active Eavesdropper Detection in Cell-Free Massive MIMO","display_name":"New LLRT-Based Methods for Active Eavesdropper Detection in Cell-Free Massive MIMO","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313291262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2022.3232065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2022.3232065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2022.3232065","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/10008219/10002942.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/10008219/10002942.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046036031","display_name":"Seyyed Saleh Hosseini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-9423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seyyed Saleh Hosseini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062087251","display_name":"Xiao-Wen Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-2959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Wen Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101474760","display_name":"Beno\u0131\u0302t Champagne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0022-6072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benoit Champagne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046036031"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.1847,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49907946,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"153","last_page":"170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.7910091876983643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6789600253105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.633094847202301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6255975961685181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6130243539810181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.5353653430938721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.48575809597969055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.45206791162490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.4340740144252777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.41093704104423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37571901082992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11742508411407471}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.7910091876983643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6789600253105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.633094847202301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6255975961685181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6130243539810181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.5353653430938721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.48575809597969055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45206791162490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.4340740144252777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.41093704104423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37571901082992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11742508411407471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2022.3232065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2022.3232065","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/10008219/10002942.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6266ca144f3a402188bd30120efa6f60","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6266ca144f3a402188bd30120efa6f60","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 4, Pp 153-170 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2022.3232065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2022.3232065","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/10008219/10002942.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1597412403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3216283581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4092970740","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN2017-05138","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4719048210","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5853005883","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017-0422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6221715925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G783313309","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2017-04223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8284766523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NSERC)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313291262.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313291262.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W595851582","https://openalex.org/W1501503542","https://openalex.org/W1518945650","https://openalex.org/W1536252645","https://openalex.org/W1564947197","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W1998752794","https://openalex.org/W2027233769","https://openalex.org/W2055598194","https://openalex.org/W2114919633","https://openalex.org/W2117912512","https://openalex.org/W2141576921","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2172233962","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2552871470","https://openalex.org/W2593893328","https://openalex.org/W2626716101","https://openalex.org/W2741552046","https://openalex.org/W2765911626","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2794129933","https://openalex.org/W2799812926","https://openalex.org/W2802123921","https://openalex.org/W2889454423","https://openalex.org/W2942228371","https://openalex.org/W2943093986","https://openalex.org/W2944211749","https://openalex.org/W2963034291","https://openalex.org/W2963116507","https://openalex.org/W2963491643","https://openalex.org/W2964042011","https://openalex.org/W2969445624","https://openalex.org/W2971055251","https://openalex.org/W2980136036","https://openalex.org/W3000950478","https://openalex.org/W3028203475","https://openalex.org/W3035475152","https://openalex.org/W3107650027","https://openalex.org/W3115673470","https://openalex.org/W3118717988","https://openalex.org/W3147919432","https://openalex.org/W3165049792","https://openalex.org/W4206124306","https://openalex.org/W4206841445","https://openalex.org/W4317419696","https://openalex.org/W4393431263","https://openalex.org/W6791240672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2998478967","https://openalex.org/W2188559950","https://openalex.org/W2989910292","https://openalex.org/W2601693592","https://openalex.org/W1983393909","https://openalex.org/W2040150569","https://openalex.org/W2468095590","https://openalex.org/W2132174924","https://openalex.org/W1911540634","https://openalex.org/W2013909972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"the":[3,27,48,58,71,82,86,122,149,156,162,169,186,190,202,229],"problem":[4],"of":[5,65,85,112,141,155,171,204,222],"active":[6,24],"eavesdropper":[7,25],"detection":[8,173,191],"is":[9,20,91,130,166,175,183],"considered":[10],"for":[11,132,148,168,185],"a":[12,45,51,66,109,133,138,217],"cell-free":[13],"massive":[14],"multiple-input":[15],"multiple-output":[16],"(m-MIMO)":[17],"system":[18,136],"which":[19,70,129,165],"attacked":[21],"by":[22],"an":[23,76,179],"within":[26],"uplink":[28,232],"training":[29],"phase,":[30],"also":[31,176],"called":[32],"pilot":[33,114],"spoofing":[34],"attack.":[35],"Two":[36],"methods":[37,62,124,188,214],"based":[38],"on":[39,161],"log-likelihoodratio":[40],"tests":[41],"(LLRT),":[42],"one":[43,197],"in":[44,50,69,220,228],"centralized":[46],"and":[47,101,192,198],"other":[49],"decentralized":[52],"fashion,":[53],"are":[54],"proposed":[55,123,187],"to":[56,75,94,98,105,196,207],"detect":[57],"signal":[59],"abnormality.":[60],"The":[61,89],"take":[63],"advantage":[64],"special":[67],"protocol":[68,90],"legitimate":[72],"users":[73,117],"switch":[74],"off-mode":[77],"irregularly,":[78],"without":[79],"significantly":[80,215],"affecting":[81],"spectral":[83,233],"efficiency":[84],"data":[87],"transmission.":[88],"directly":[92],"applicable":[93],"environments":[95],"with":[96,137,225],"low":[97,126],"moderate":[99],"mobility,":[100],"can":[102],"be":[103],"extended":[104],"high":[106],"mobility":[107],"through":[108],"simple":[110],"rearrangement":[111],"available":[113],"sequences":[115],"among":[116],"if":[118],"needed.":[119],"More":[120],"importantly,":[121],"impose":[125],"fronthaul":[127],"overhead":[128],"imperative":[131],"cellfree":[134],"m-MIMO":[135],"large":[139],"number":[140,203],"access":[142],"points":[143],"(APs).":[144],"A":[145],"closed-form":[146],"expression":[147],"joint":[150],"probability":[151],"density":[152],"function":[153],"(PDF)":[154],"processed":[157],"received":[158],"signals":[159],"conditioned":[160],"alternative":[163],"hypothesis,":[164],"essential":[167],"implementation":[170],"LLRT-based":[172],"methods,":[174],"derived.":[177],"Through":[178],"asymptotic":[180],"analysis,":[181],"it":[182],"shown":[184],"that":[189,212],"false-alarm":[193,223],"probabilities":[194],"approach":[195,219],"zero,":[199],"respectively":[200],"as":[201],"APs":[205],"goes":[206],"infinity.":[208],"Numerical":[209],"results":[210],"reveal":[211],"both":[213],"outperform":[216],"recent":[218],"terms":[221],"rate":[224],"negligible":[226],"degradation":[227],"per":[230],"user":[231],"efficiency.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
