{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4233940497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3133014","title":"Hardware Implementation and Performance Analysis of Improved Sphere Decoder in Spatially Correlated Massive MIMO Channels","display_name":"Hardware Implementation and Performance Analysis of Improved Sphere Decoder in Spatially Correlated Massive MIMO Channels","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4233940497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3133014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3133014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3133014","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/09642057.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/09642057.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085775745","display_name":"Dimitris Vordonis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4093-0494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dimitris Vordonis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Patras, Patras, Greece","ORCiD"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Patras, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021252086","display_name":"Vassilis Paliouras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1414-7500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vassilis Paliouras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Patras, Patras, Greece","ORCiD"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Patras, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085775745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.3047,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58692682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"2680","last_page":"2694"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7247313857078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6269333362579346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.5548082590103149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5069258809089661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.44777438044548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.44077202677726746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncorrelated","display_name":"Uncorrelated","score":0.4298360049724579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4267944395542145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4194849133491516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3697710335254669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22796812653541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.22596576809883118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12301641702651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.12080803513526917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10419464111328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08726999163627625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7247313857078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6269333362579346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.5548082590103149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5069258809089661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44777438044548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.44077202677726746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169345407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8216221","display_name":"Uncorrelated","level":2,"score":0.4298360049724579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4267944395542145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4194849133491516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3697710335254669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22796812653541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.22596576809883118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12301641702651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.12080803513526917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10419464111328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08726999163627625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3133014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3133014","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/09642057.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1321dd49acf64998be16f21d434b8f58","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1321dd49acf64998be16f21d434b8f58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 2, Pp 2680-2694 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3133014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3133014","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8901158/09642057.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4233940497.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4233940497.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67924463","https://openalex.org/W1541486137","https://openalex.org/W1555986461","https://openalex.org/W1822870367","https://openalex.org/W1826298598","https://openalex.org/W1970363387","https://openalex.org/W1972830527","https://openalex.org/W1991013990","https://openalex.org/W1992036418","https://openalex.org/W1997002146","https://openalex.org/W2037785632","https://openalex.org/W2062045965","https://openalex.org/W2071497678","https://openalex.org/W2073053079","https://openalex.org/W2084304524","https://openalex.org/W2090195299","https://openalex.org/W2102774572","https://openalex.org/W2107824742","https://openalex.org/W2107826860","https://openalex.org/W2111924751","https://openalex.org/W2116631698","https://openalex.org/W2116631972","https://openalex.org/W2118425896","https://openalex.org/W2127401968","https://openalex.org/W2130510547","https://openalex.org/W2134520490","https://openalex.org/W2139227769","https://openalex.org/W2140824309","https://openalex.org/W2143528646","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2148907454","https://openalex.org/W2148978817","https://openalex.org/W2149713248","https://openalex.org/W2153948997","https://openalex.org/W2156787051","https://openalex.org/W2166500259","https://openalex.org/W2167565246","https://openalex.org/W2170738062","https://openalex.org/W2172006358","https://openalex.org/W2568222406","https://openalex.org/W2594167756","https://openalex.org/W2620855685","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2783159364","https://openalex.org/W2893910439","https://openalex.org/W2896753597","https://openalex.org/W2963539768","https://openalex.org/W2966932878","https://openalex.org/W2979317621","https://openalex.org/W2990498386","https://openalex.org/W2991366029","https://openalex.org/W3017184792","https://openalex.org/W3047517046","https://openalex.org/W3149418332","https://openalex.org/W4248709896","https://openalex.org/W6633254669","https://openalex.org/W6638542730","https://openalex.org/W6658521832","https://openalex.org/W6668445236","https://openalex.org/W6680662420"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360779366","https://openalex.org/W2027155377","https://openalex.org/W1504916935","https://openalex.org/W1995027010","https://openalex.org/W4390523528","https://openalex.org/W2076370413","https://openalex.org/W2069534145","https://openalex.org/W4224872188","https://openalex.org/W4285223123","https://openalex.org/W4386970495"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detection":[0],"for":[1,43,102,160,232],"high-dimensional":[2],"multiple-input":[3],"multiple-output":[4],"(MIMO)":[5],"and":[6,46,61,98,129,163,204,240],"massive":[7],"MIMO":[8],"(MMIMO)":[9],"systems":[10],"is":[11,53,183,224],"an":[12],"active":[13],"field":[14],"of":[15,37,51,64,79,95,119,148,167,170,175,188,207],"research":[16],"in":[17,185,191],"wireless":[18],"communications.":[19],"While":[20],"most":[21],"works":[22],"consider":[23],"spatially":[24],"uncorrelated":[25,164,193],"channels,":[26,165],"practical":[27],"MMIMO":[28],"channels":[29],"are":[30,132,136,158,230],"correlated.":[31],"This":[32,69,90],"paper":[33,70],"investigates":[34],"the":[35,57,62,76,80,85,93,117,120,141,146,155,168,179,186,192,202,205,218],"impact":[36],"correlation":[38,189,199,216],"on":[39,75],"Sphere":[40],"Decoder":[41],"(SD),":[42],"both":[44,161,233],"single-user":[45],"multi-user":[47],"scenarios.":[48],"The":[49,134,172],"complexity":[50,131,206],"SD":[52,100,176],"mainly":[54],"determined":[55],"by":[56,138],"initial":[58],"radius":[59,149],"method":[60],"number":[63,94,147],"visited":[65,96],"nodes":[66,97],"during":[67],"detection.":[68],"introduces":[71],"a":[72,107,113,234,241],"new":[73],"constraint":[74],"evaluation":[77],"process":[78],"partial":[81],"distance":[82],"thus":[83],"modifying":[84,140],"conventional":[86],"tree":[87],"searching":[88],"algorithm.":[89],"significantly":[91],"decreases":[92],"renders":[99],"feasible":[101],"large-scale":[103],"systems.":[104],"In":[105],"addition,":[106],"proposed":[108,156],"hardware":[109],"implementation":[110,228],"featured":[111],"with":[112,221],"one-node-per-cycle":[114],"architecture,":[115],"minimizes":[116],"latency":[118],"detection":[121],"process.":[122],"Trade-offs":[123],"between":[124],"bit":[125],"error":[126],"rate":[127],"performance":[128,203],"computational":[130],"presented.":[133],"trade-offs":[135],"achieved":[137],"either":[139],"backtracking":[142],"mechanism":[143],"or":[144],"limiting":[145],"updates.":[150],"Simulation":[151,209],"results":[152,210],"prove":[153],"that":[154,215],"optimizations":[157],"effective":[159],"correlated":[162],"regardless":[166],"level":[169],"noise.":[171],"decoding":[173],"gain":[174],"compared":[177],"to":[178],"low-complexity":[180],"linear":[181],"detectors":[182],"higher":[184],"presence":[187],"than":[190],"case.":[194],"However,":[195],"as":[196],"expected,":[197],"spatial":[198],"adversely":[200],"affects":[201],"SD.":[208],"reported":[211],"here":[212],"also":[213],"confirm":[214],"at":[217],"side":[219],"equipped":[220],"more":[222],"antennas":[223],"less":[225],"detrimental.":[226],"Hardware":[227],"aspects":[229],"examined":[231],"Virtex-7":[235],"field-programmable":[236],"gate":[237],"array":[238],"device":[239],"28-nm":[242],"application-specific":[243],"integrated":[244],"circuit":[245],"technology.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
