{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3191830203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3100060","title":"Access Point Placement for Hybrid UAV-Terrestrial Small-Cell Networks","display_name":"Access Point Placement for Hybrid UAV-Terrestrial Small-Cell Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3191830203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3100060","mag":"3191830203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3100060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3100060","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/9309127/09501043.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/9309127/09501043.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000639781","display_name":"Govind R. Gopal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0003-1117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Govind R. Gopal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0003-1117","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001700017","display_name":"Bhaskar D. Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6357-689X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhaskar D. Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6357-689X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037489860","display_name":"Gabriel Porto Villardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-3885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Porto Villardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Network Research Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Yokosuka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-3885","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Network Research Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Yokosuka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.5085,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64357234,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"1826","last_page":"1841"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.5422928333282471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5284892320632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.35052645206451416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5422928333282471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5284892320632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35052645206451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3100060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3100060","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/9309127/09501043.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:04815015f4554f39ab6b22cb9aa4bf4c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/04815015f4554f39ab6b22cb9aa4bf4c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 2, Pp 1826-1841 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3100060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3100060","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/9309127/09501043.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2099336795","display_name":"CIF: SMALL: MASSIVE MIMO SYSTEMS: Novel Channel Modeling and Estimation Methods","funder_award_id":"1617365","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4312763991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2124929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4967870218","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-2124929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7503545101","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1617365","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332603","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337697","display_name":"Center for Wireless Communications, University of California, San Diego","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191830203.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191830203.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490921409","https://openalex.org/W1634005169","https://openalex.org/W1870121198","https://openalex.org/W1968716483","https://openalex.org/W1978587253","https://openalex.org/W1990823155","https://openalex.org/W2022562606","https://openalex.org/W2023535408","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2070887824","https://openalex.org/W2073459066","https://openalex.org/W2093645013","https://openalex.org/W2096032932","https://openalex.org/W2104952015","https://openalex.org/W2109211694","https://openalex.org/W2112300062","https://openalex.org/W2137174862","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2155174176","https://openalex.org/W2158057034","https://openalex.org/W2159637866","https://openalex.org/W2162636480","https://openalex.org/W2163848598","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2289204537","https://openalex.org/W2346155518","https://openalex.org/W2407187947","https://openalex.org/W2412503523","https://openalex.org/W2528788999","https://openalex.org/W2541877751","https://openalex.org/W2558431499","https://openalex.org/W2592341259","https://openalex.org/W2610350904","https://openalex.org/W2786239590","https://openalex.org/W2789542217","https://openalex.org/W2792833290","https://openalex.org/W2810512395","https://openalex.org/W2890986177","https://openalex.org/W2899320340","https://openalex.org/W2908608035","https://openalex.org/W2914264156","https://openalex.org/W2918703512","https://openalex.org/W2963615009","https://openalex.org/W2964107145","https://openalex.org/W2975646861","https://openalex.org/W2981125566","https://openalex.org/W2982659002","https://openalex.org/W2994008524","https://openalex.org/W3013309952","https://openalex.org/W3023954356","https://openalex.org/W3044340030","https://openalex.org/W3045773157","https://openalex.org/W3098593178","https://openalex.org/W3102629668","https://openalex.org/W3102880088","https://openalex.org/W3106530718","https://openalex.org/W3118502753","https://openalex.org/W3118743448","https://openalex.org/W3120637834","https://openalex.org/W3169580983","https://openalex.org/W3172394904","https://openalex.org/W6668990524","https://openalex.org/W6749337988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,49,102],"address":[1],"the":[2,27,51,60,67,74,82,88,109,118,130,149,166,188,196,202,205,237,242,285,296],"problem":[3,21,112,145],"of":[4,20,29,69,117,125,204,229,256,280,295],"access":[5],"point":[6],"(AP)":[7],"placement":[8,96,111,144],"in":[9,22,43,138,212,233,269,289,299],"small-cell":[10],"networks":[11,42,248],"with":[12,34,45,136,245],"partial":[13],"infrastructure":[14,123],"flexibility,":[15],"i.e.,":[16],"a":[17,98,105,115,121,183,216,270,276,300],"novel":[18],"class":[19],"Beyond":[23],"5G,":[24],"resultant":[25],"from":[26],"utilization":[28],"unmanned":[30],"aerial":[31],"vehicles":[32],"(UAVs)":[33],"AP":[35,95,110,143,155,179,272],"functionalities":[36],"(UAV-APs),":[37],"to":[38,59,65,87,92,108,182,187,210,231,250],"aid":[39],"fixed":[40,122,238],"wireless":[41],"coping":[44],"momentary":[46],"peak-capacity":[47],"requirements.":[48],"use":[50],"signal-to-generated-interference-plus-noise":[52],"ratio":[53,63],"(SGINR)":[54],"metric":[55],"as":[56],"an":[57,162,178,253],"alternative":[58],"traditional":[61],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise":[62],"(SINR)":[64],"quantify":[66],"effects":[68],"inter-cell":[70],"interference":[71],"(ICI)":[72],"on":[73,223],"per-user":[75],"capacity.":[76],"From":[77],"average":[78],"SGINR,":[79],"we":[80,160,226],"derive":[81],"ICI-aware":[83],"distortion":[84],"measure":[85],"leading":[86,181],"Inter-AP":[89,197],"Lloyd":[90,167,198],"algorithm":[91,152,199],"obtain":[93],"throughput-optimal":[94],"for":[97,165,171],"fully":[99,217,246],"flexible":[100,218,247],"infrastructure.":[101],"then":[103],"impose":[104],"hybridity":[106],"constraint":[107],"which":[113,274],"turns":[114],"fraction":[116],"network":[119,239],"into":[120],"composed":[124],"terrestrial":[126],"APs":[127],"(T-APs)":[128],"while":[129],"remainder":[131],"is":[132,146,260],"constituted":[133],"by":[134,148,208],"UAV-APs":[135,257],"flexibility":[137],"position.":[139],"This":[140],"newly":[141],"formulated":[142],"solved":[147],"proposed":[150,264],"Lloyd-type":[151,169],"called":[153],"Hybrid":[154],"Placement":[156],"Algorithm":[157],"(HAPPA).":[158],"Furthermore,":[159],"present":[161],"initialization":[163,265],"method":[164],"and":[168,240,258],"algorithms":[170],"Gaussian":[172],"mixture":[173],"models":[174],"(GMMs)":[175],"that":[176,195],"offers":[177],"allocation":[180],"higher":[184],"rate":[185,235],"compared":[186],"k-means++":[189,286],"initialization.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"computer":[192],"simulations":[193],"show":[194],"can":[200],"improve":[201],"performance":[203,243],"worst":[206],"users":[207,281],"up":[209,230],"42.75%":[211],"achievable":[213],"rate,":[214],"assuming":[215],"network.":[219],"By":[220],"using":[221],"HAPPA":[222],"hybrid":[224],"networks,":[225],"achieve":[227],"improvements":[228],"71.92%":[232],"sum":[234],"over":[236],"close":[241],"gap":[244],"down":[249],"2.02%,":[251],"when":[252],"equal":[254],"number":[255],"T-APs":[259],"used.":[261],"Further,":[262],"our":[263],"scheme":[266,287],"always":[267],"results":[268,288],"balanced":[271],"allocation,":[273],"means":[275],"more":[277],"even":[278],"distribution":[279],"per":[282],"AP,":[283],"whereas":[284],"unbalanced":[290],"allocations":[291],"at":[292],"least":[293],"30%":[294],"time,":[297],"resulting":[298],"worse":[301],"minimum":[302],"rate.":[303]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}