{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3180376940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3094823","title":"Joint Analog Beam Selection and Digital Beamforming in Millimeter Wave Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems","display_name":"Joint Analog Beam Selection and Digital Beamforming in Millimeter Wave Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3180376940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3094823","mag":"3180376940"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3094823","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3094823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3094823","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076091989","display_name":"Cenk M. Yeti\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6198-4555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cenk M. Yetis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6198-4555","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062293532","display_name":"Emil Bj\u00f6rnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-434X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emil Bjornson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-434X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030031115","display_name":"Pontus Giselsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1602-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pontus Giselsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":2.4893,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89649216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"1647","last_page":"1662"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6881336569786072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6585099101066589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6086088418960571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.5304552912712097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.517807126045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5158461928367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.509992241859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5055429935455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.4422626793384552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4133085608482361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3695623576641083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3410630226135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.258360356092453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18282243609428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16234123706817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1341913640499115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6881336569786072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6585099101066589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6086088418960571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.5304552912712097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.517807126045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5158461928367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.509992241859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5055429935455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.4422626793384552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4133085608482361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3695623576641083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3410630226135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.258360356092453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18282243609428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16234123706817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1341913640499115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3094823","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3094823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:liu-178574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400838","display_name":"DiVA (Linkoping University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a554ae0be18d4bb8b85b4c77a9037752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a554ae0be18d4bb8b85b4c77a9037752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 2, Pp 1647-1662 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:668fe62b-a5e3-435e-82b2-25b676bd8fc7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/668fe62b-a5e3-435e-82b2-25b676bd8fc7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2644-125X","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3094823","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3094823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322327","display_name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","ror":"https://ror.org/004hzzk67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512189921","https://openalex.org/W1576690944","https://openalex.org/W1998267929","https://openalex.org/W1999954155","https://openalex.org/W2146241755","https://openalex.org/W2150726040","https://openalex.org/W2156351559","https://openalex.org/W2163363194","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2295341737","https://openalex.org/W2404864629","https://openalex.org/W2563885308","https://openalex.org/W2565013478","https://openalex.org/W2587362299","https://openalex.org/W2610350904","https://openalex.org/W2614889182","https://openalex.org/W2626137714","https://openalex.org/W2725078910","https://openalex.org/W2790223875","https://openalex.org/W2794802543","https://openalex.org/W2907535948","https://openalex.org/W2913291195","https://openalex.org/W2924818594","https://openalex.org/W2951145066","https://openalex.org/W2953489761","https://openalex.org/W2959894902","https://openalex.org/W2964311703","https://openalex.org/W2971415724","https://openalex.org/W3100007131","https://openalex.org/W3102684176","https://openalex.org/W3104746390","https://openalex.org/W3105629297"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548963335","https://openalex.org/W2159941915","https://openalex.org/W1995129237","https://openalex.org/W4388081250","https://openalex.org/W2909457694","https://openalex.org/W1761601995","https://openalex.org/W4380894509","https://openalex.org/W4224872188","https://openalex.org/W4285223123","https://openalex.org/W4386970495"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cell-free":[0],"massive":[1],"MIMO":[2],"systems":[3],"consist":[4],"of":[5,26,70,102,107,118,164],"many":[6],"distributed":[7],"access":[8],"points":[9],"with":[10,111],"simple":[11],"components":[12],"that":[13,35,130,158],"jointly":[14],"serve":[15],"the":[16,49,58,86,98,103,108,116,145,165,171],"users.":[17,153],"In":[18,32,62],"millimeter":[19],"wave":[20],"bands,":[21],"only":[22],"a":[23,33,45,126],"limited":[24],"set":[25],"predetermined":[27],"beams":[28],"can":[29,56,95,161],"be":[30,149],"supported.":[31],"network":[34,50,59],"consolidates":[36],"these":[37],"technologies,":[38],"downlink":[39],"analog":[40,71],"beam":[41,72,104,141,147],"selection":[42,73,105,136],"stands":[43],"as":[44,138,140],"challenging":[46],"task":[47],"for":[48,151],"sum-rate":[51,60,167],"maximization.":[52],"Low-cost":[53],"digital":[54,75],"filters":[55],"improve":[57],"further.":[61],"this":[63],"work,":[64],"we":[65,124],"propose":[66,125],"low-cost":[67],"joint":[68,79,109,128],"designs":[69,80,110],"and":[74,135],"filters.":[76],"The":[77,154],"proposed":[78,172],"achieve":[81],"significantly":[82],"higher":[83],"sum-rates":[84],"than":[85],"disjoint":[87],"design":[88,129],"benchmark.":[89],"Supervised":[90],"machine":[91],"learning":[92],"(ML)":[93],"algorithms":[94,120,160],"efficiently":[96],"approximate":[97],"input-output":[99],"mapping":[100],"functions":[101],"decisions":[106],"low":[112],"computational":[113],"complexities.":[114],"Since":[115],"training":[117],"ML":[119,159],"is":[121],"performed":[122],"off-line,":[123],"well-constructed":[127,173],"combines":[131],"multiple":[132,152],"initializations,":[133],"iterations,":[134],"features,":[137],"well":[139],"conflict":[142],"control,":[143],"i.e.,":[144],"same":[146],"cannot":[148],"used":[150],"numerical":[155],"results":[156,168],"indicate":[157],"retain":[162],"99-100%":[163],"original":[166],"achieved":[169],"by":[170],"designs.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
