{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3036793157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3003742","title":"Statistical Modeling of the Impact of Underwater Bubbles on an Optical Wireless Channel","display_name":"Statistical Modeling of the Impact of Underwater Bubbles on an Optical Wireless Channel","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3036793157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3003742","mag":"3036793157"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3003742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3003742","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8816718/09121319.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8816718/09121319.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037620573","display_name":"Myoungkeun Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6966-3951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Myoungkeun Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100766772","display_name":"Ki\u2010Hong Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6867-4277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ki-Hong Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083193286","display_name":"Mohamed\u2010Slim Alouini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037620573"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":1.97,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86558043,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"808","last_page":"818"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bubble","display_name":"Bubble","score":0.720023512840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.6410636901855469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5841259360313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.5823801755905151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.5100734829902649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weibull-distribution","display_name":"Weibull distribution","score":0.4843207895755768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.48181405663490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.45228031277656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.4239184260368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-distribution","display_name":"Gamma distribution","score":0.41829633712768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delay-spread","display_name":"Delay spread","score":0.41530174016952515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3522699177265167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33742374181747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3333245515823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.2949020266532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2825688123703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2527499198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22698339819908142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.1570681631565094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1499858796596527}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.720023512840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.6410636901855469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5841259360313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.5823801755905151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.5100734829902649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173291955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732332","display_name":"Weibull distribution","level":2,"score":0.4843207895755768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48181405663490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.45228031277656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.4239184260368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149717495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117806","display_name":"Gamma distribution","level":2,"score":0.41829633712768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49456836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q666814","display_name":"Delay spread","level":4,"score":0.41530174016952515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3522699177265167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33742374181747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3333245515823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2949020266532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2825688123703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2527499198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22698339819908142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.1570681631565094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1499858796596527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3003742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3003742","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8816718/09121319.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:85b21b44b29a4bfd8e3a81728648011a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/85b21b44b29a4bfd8e3a81728648011a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 1, Pp 808-818 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/663727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/663727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3003742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3003742","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8816718/09121319.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036793157.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036793157.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W226898952","https://openalex.org/W1556909464","https://openalex.org/W1619402382","https://openalex.org/W1967280221","https://openalex.org/W2038462676","https://openalex.org/W2120827491","https://openalex.org/W2157915296","https://openalex.org/W2248980475","https://openalex.org/W2296820780","https://openalex.org/W2336491352","https://openalex.org/W2532582639","https://openalex.org/W2568375365","https://openalex.org/W2595124354","https://openalex.org/W2607000399","https://openalex.org/W2962738353","https://openalex.org/W2963870798","https://openalex.org/W2964218076","https://openalex.org/W2970711532","https://openalex.org/W3123545179"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3083898685","https://openalex.org/W3034924094","https://openalex.org/W3094954546","https://openalex.org/W1488708774","https://openalex.org/W1982811510","https://openalex.org/W4391100477","https://openalex.org/W2402189625","https://openalex.org/W4327779705","https://openalex.org/W2089746424","https://openalex.org/W2942466631"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,26],"underwater":[1],"wireless":[2],"optical":[3],"communications":[4],"(UWOC),":[5],"the":[6,19,36,43,54,65,79,83,92,98,108,119,127,133,139,143,149,156,161,167,185,192,200,203,208,222,226,232],"random":[7,115],"obstruction":[8,80,100],"of":[9,23,45,53,56,71,85,101,121,132,142,151,184,194,202,225,234],"light":[10,21],"propagation":[11],"by":[12,39,82,147,172],"air":[13,46,57,73,104,195],"bubbles":[14,58,105,196],"can":[15],"cause":[16],"fluctuations":[17],"in":[18,42,191],"incoming":[20],"intensity":[22],"a":[24,31,40,114,181,213],"receiver.":[25],"this":[27,238],"paper,":[28],"we":[29,60,76,125,178,198,218],"propose":[30,61],"statistical":[32,62,140,182],"model":[33,138,183,206,211],"for":[34,64],"determining":[35],"received":[37,145,186],"power":[38,136,146,187],"receiver":[41],"presence":[44,193],"bubbles.":[47],"First,":[48],"based":[49],"on":[50],"real":[51],"experiments":[52],"behavior":[55],"underwater,":[59],"models":[63],"generation,":[66],"size,":[67],"and":[68,129,169,197,220,231],"horizontal":[69],"distribution":[70,141,158,201],"each":[72,86],"bubble.":[74],"Second,":[75],"mathematically":[77],"derive":[78,199],"caused":[81],"shadow":[84],"bubble":[87,122],"as":[88],"it":[89],"passes":[90],"over":[91],"beam":[93],"area.":[94],"We":[95,164],"then":[96],"compute":[97],"combined":[99],"all":[102],"generated":[103],"to":[106,118,137],"determine":[107],"total":[109,134],"obstructed":[110,135,144],"power,":[111],"which":[112,153],"is":[113],"variable":[116],"due":[117],"randomness":[120],"behavior.":[123],"Next,":[124],"find":[126],"first":[128],"second":[130],"moments":[131],"using":[148,173],"method":[150],"moments,":[152],"shows":[154],"that":[155],"Weibull":[157],"suitably":[159],"matches":[160],"simulation":[162],"data.":[163],"also":[165,179],"estimate":[166],"shape":[168],"scale":[170],"parameters":[171],"two":[174],"derived":[175],"moments.":[176],"Furthermore,":[177],"construct":[180],"with":[188,212],"complete":[189],"blockage":[190],"composite":[204,241],"channel":[205,242],"combining":[207],"proposed":[209,240],"bubble-obstruction":[210],"Gamma-Gamma":[214],"turbulence":[215],"model.":[216,243],"Finally,":[217],"obtain":[219],"verify":[221],"analytic":[223],"forms":[224],"average":[227],"bit":[228],"error":[229],"rate":[230],"capacity":[233],"UWOC":[235],"systems":[236],"under":[237],"newly":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}