{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2999467118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2019.2955889","title":"Detection and Classification of UAVs Using RF Fingerprints in the Presence of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Interference","display_name":"Detection and Classification of UAVs Using RF Fingerprints in the Presence of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Interference","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2999467118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2019.2955889","mag":"2999467118"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2019.2955889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2019.2955889","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8816718/08913640.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8816718/08913640.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073532209","display_name":"Martins Ezuma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0431-9057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martins Ezuma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0431-9057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086688379","display_name":"Fatih Erden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1708-3063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatih Erden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1708-3063","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067213733","display_name":"Chethan Kumar Anjinappa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-4498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chethan Kumar Anjinappa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-4498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102025499","display_name":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr \u00d6zdemir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0573-9221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozgur Ozdemir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016722903","display_name":"\u0130smail G\u00fcven\u00e7","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-6242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismail Guvenc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-6242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073532209"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":200.3499,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":254,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99973821,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"60","last_page":"76"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.7406564354896545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.65898197889328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.6178209185600281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5712820291519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.49953556060791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.48338380455970764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4731268286705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4694748818874359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.4522741436958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.44742587208747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40149736404418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.19706511497497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17710885405540466}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.7406564354896545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.65898197889328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.6178209185600281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5712820291519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.49953556060791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.48338380455970764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4731268286705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4694748818874359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.4522741436958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.44742587208747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40149736404418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.19706511497497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17710885405540466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2019.2955889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2019.2955889","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8816718/08913640.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:06a917814db349969851f7b7117b3b91","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/06a917814db349969851f7b7117b3b91","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 1, Pp 60-76 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2019.2955889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2019.2955889","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782661/8816718/08913640.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6551427418","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX17AJ94A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999467118.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999467118.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559969494","https://openalex.org/W1980497385","https://openalex.org/W1990729297","https://openalex.org/W2027800317","https://openalex.org/W2096587965","https://openalex.org/W2131241448","https://openalex.org/W2132984323","https://openalex.org/W2144935315","https://openalex.org/W2156770021","https://openalex.org/W2541446302","https://openalex.org/W2607488934","https://openalex.org/W2625718276","https://openalex.org/W2739491688","https://openalex.org/W2767285373","https://openalex.org/W2789453091","https://openalex.org/W2797804613","https://openalex.org/W2797821788","https://openalex.org/W2799134332","https://openalex.org/W2916832800","https://openalex.org/W2921043257","https://openalex.org/W2944086006","https://openalex.org/W2963474950","https://openalex.org/W2964138953","https://openalex.org/W4213147678","https://openalex.org/W6678911119","https://openalex.org/W6680962578"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220926637","https://openalex.org/W2362681120","https://openalex.org/W2376320007","https://openalex.org/W4376643979","https://openalex.org/W2322402661","https://openalex.org/W2389079374","https://openalex.org/W2372429262","https://openalex.org/W2903653170","https://openalex.org/W2722482855","https://openalex.org/W2351967314"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,15,44,67,79,83,86,95,99,130,136,141,164,168,180,190,243],"problem":[4],"of":[5,9,17,75,85,98,106,113,135,167,189,203,209,234],"detection":[6,104],"and":[7,47,78,121,132,179,192,230],"classification":[8,207],"unmanned":[10],"aerial":[11],"vehicles":[12],"(UAVs)":[13],"in":[14],"presence":[16],"wireless":[18],"interference":[19,48],"signals":[20,37,52,118,171],"using":[21,58,154],"a":[22,32,40,59,71,91,103,109,147,232],"passive":[23],"radio":[24],"frequency":[25],"(RF)":[26],"surveillance":[27],"system.":[28],"The":[29,187],"system":[30],"uses":[31],"multistage":[33],"detector":[34],"to":[35,174],"distinguish":[36],"transmitted":[38],"by":[39,213],"UAV":[41,148,169,204,236,245],"controller":[42,149,170,246],"from":[43,53,119,163,242],"background":[45],"noise":[46,101],"signals.":[49],"First,":[50],"RF":[51,138],"any":[54],"source":[55],"are":[56,126,172,185,197],"detected":[57,127,137],"Markov":[60],"models-based":[61],"na\u00efve":[62],"Bayes":[63],"decision":[64],"mechanism.":[65],"When":[66],"receiver":[68],"operates":[69],"at":[70,90,217,226],"signal-to-noise":[72],"ratio":[73],"(SNR)":[74],"10":[76],"dB,":[77],"threshold,":[80],"which":[81,238],"defines":[82],"states":[84],"models,":[87],"is":[88,115,144,152,211,223],"set":[89,233],"level":[92],"3.5":[93],"times":[94],"standard":[96],"deviation":[97],"preprocessed":[100],"data,":[102],"accuracy":[105,208],"99.8%":[107],"with":[108],"false":[110],"alarm":[111],"rate":[112],"2.8%":[114],"achieved.":[116],"Second,":[117],"Wi-Fi":[120],"Bluetooth":[122],"emitters,":[123],"if":[124],"present,":[125],"based":[128],"on":[129],"bandwidth":[131],"modulation":[133],"features":[134,161,184],"signal.":[139],"Once":[140],"input":[142],"signal":[143],"identified":[145],"as":[146],"signal,":[150],"it":[151],"classified":[153],"machine":[155],"learning":[156],"(ML)":[157],"techniques.":[158],"Fifteen":[159],"statistical":[160],"extracted":[162],"energy":[165],"transients":[166],"fed":[173],"neighborhood":[175],"component":[176],"analysis":[177],"(NCA),":[178],"three":[181],"most":[182],"significant":[183],"selected.":[186],"performance":[188,222],"NCA":[191],"five":[193],"different":[194,201,227],"ML":[195],"classifiers":[196],"studied":[198],"for":[199,231],"15":[200],"types":[202],"controllers.":[205],"A":[206],"98.13%":[210],"achieved":[212],"k-nearest":[214],"neighbor":[215],"classifier":[216],"25":[218],"dB":[219],"SNR.":[220],"Classification":[221],"also":[224],"investigated":[225],"SNR":[228],"levels":[229],"17":[235],"controllers":[237],"includes":[239],"two":[240],"pairs":[241],"same":[244],"models.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}