{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7156243801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2026.3676608","title":"Machine-Learning Variation-Aware Co-Design for Analog Linearization of VCO-ADCs","display_name":"Machine-Learning Variation-Aware Co-Design for Analog Linearization of VCO-ADCs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7156243801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2026.3676608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2026.3676608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2026.3676608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2026.3676608","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120992591","display_name":"Viet Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viet Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2883-3883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012757498","display_name":"Peter Kilgannon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Kilgannon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8131-6028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092384865","display_name":"Ciara Lambkin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ciara Lambkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019293433","display_name":"Hi\u1ebfu Minh Nguy\u1ec5n","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hieu Minh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027017637","display_name":"Robert Bogdan Staszewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9848-1129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Bogdan Staszewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9848-1129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46018824,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"193","last_page":"205"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.77920001745224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.77920001745224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.05700000002980232,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5360999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearization","display_name":"Linearization","score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.29739999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5360999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11210021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520713","display_name":"Linearization","level":3,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.260699987411499}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2026.3676608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2026.3676608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:52c0dfee9030424d946c9cb9d56dca06","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/52c0dfee9030424d946c9cb9d56dca06","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems, Vol 7, Pp 193-205 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2026.3676608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2026.3676608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5824697660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2077_P2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F8766430056","funder_display_name":"Research Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F8766430056","display_name":"Research Ireland","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010716559","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2152844286","https://openalex.org/W2261105975","https://openalex.org/W2607077465","https://openalex.org/W2912871978","https://openalex.org/W2921869298","https://openalex.org/W2924141413","https://openalex.org/W3009792919","https://openalex.org/W3160469020","https://openalex.org/W3170716662","https://openalex.org/W3207233952","https://openalex.org/W4226211208","https://openalex.org/W4290973131","https://openalex.org/W4296079469","https://openalex.org/W4297822266","https://openalex.org/W4308089870","https://openalex.org/W4312795771","https://openalex.org/W4316021924","https://openalex.org/W4378194784","https://openalex.org/W4382935119","https://openalex.org/W4387546396","https://openalex.org/W4389428410","https://openalex.org/W4389880270","https://openalex.org/W4392172797","https://openalex.org/W4400235527","https://openalex.org/W4411725634","https://openalex.org/W4412836953","https://openalex.org/W4413349512"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,89],"article":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,27,56,65,140,151,167,178,194],"machine-learning":[4],"(ML)-driven":[5],"co-design":[6],"and":[7,24,99,118],"optimization":[8,35,133],"framework":[9,124],"for":[10,171],"open-loop":[11],"analog":[12],"linearization":[13,41],"of":[14,44,68,94,174,190,225],"VCO-ADCs,":[15],"especially":[16],"operating":[17],"in":[18],"the":[19,39,45,73,95,123,175,220,226],"low":[20],"supply-voltage":[21],"(VDD)":[22],"regime,":[23],"demonstrated":[25],"on":[26,64],"new":[28],"coupled-oscillator-ensemble":[29],"(COE)":[30],"circuit":[31],"architecture.":[32],"The":[33,159],"high-dimensional":[34],"space":[36],"associated":[37],"with":[38,150],"embedded":[40],"tuning":[42,162],"\u2018knobs\u2019":[43],"VCOs":[46],"renders":[47],"exhaustive":[48],"transistor-level":[49,69,172],"search":[50],"infeasible.":[51],"To":[52,113],"address":[53],"this":[54],"challenge,":[55],"deep":[57],"neural":[58],"network":[59],"(DNN)":[60],"surrogate":[61,90,142],"is":[62],"trained":[63],"compact":[66],"set":[67],"transient":[70],"simulations":[71],"capturing":[72],"COE\u2019s":[74],"composite":[75],"voltage-to-frequency":[76],"(<inline-formula":[77,183,200],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[78,83,184,201,209],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[79,84,185,202,210],"<tex-math":[80,85,186,203,211],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$V$":[81],"</tex-math></inline-formula>-to-<inline-formula":[82],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$f$":[86],"</tex-math></inline-formula>)":[87,189],"characteristics.":[88],"enables":[91],"rapid":[92],"exploration":[93],"vast":[96],"tuning-knob":[97,227],"landscape":[98],"steers":[100],"an":[101],"evolutionary":[102],"genetic":[103],"algorithm":[104],"(GA)":[105],"toward":[106],"configurations":[107],"that":[108],"optimize":[109],"harmonic":[110,181],"distortion":[111,182],"(HD).":[112],"further":[114],"enhance":[115],"HD-prediction":[116],"robustness":[117],"incorporate":[119],"VDD":[120],"variation":[121],"awareness,":[122],"integrates":[125],"advanced":[126],"ML":[127],"techniques.":[128],"Monte":[129],"Carlo":[130],"(MC)\u2013perturbed":[131],"GA":[132],"improves":[134],"resilience":[135],"to":[136,166],"parameter":[137],"uncertainty,":[138],"while":[139],"stacked-ensemble":[141],"network,":[143],"constructed":[144],"from":[145],"expert-VDD-specific":[146],"base":[147],"models":[148],"fused":[149],"hybrid":[152],"encoder-combiner":[153],"meta-learner,":[154],"facilitates":[155],"accurate":[156],"VDD\u2013aware":[157],"predictions.":[158],"resulting":[160],"optimized":[161],"settings":[163],"are":[164],"transferred":[165],"Cadence":[168],"simulation":[169],"environment":[170],"verification":[173],"VCO\u2013ADC,":[176],"achieving":[177],"mean":[179],"third-order":[180],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\text":[187,212],"{HD}_{3}$":[188,213],"55":[191],"dB.":[192],"Across":[193],"wide":[195],"0.4\u20140.6":[196],"V":[197],"supply":[198],"range":[199],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\approx":[204],"40\\%$":[205],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[206,214],"variation),":[207],"<inline-formula":[208],"remains":[215],"above":[216],"50":[217],"dB":[218],"through":[219],"DNN\u2019s":[221],"supply-adaptive":[222],"dynamic":[223],"programming":[224],"values.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T06:10:49.150238","created_date":"2026-04-28T00:00:00"}