{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130710848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2026.3666784","title":"Non-Iterative Square-Wave Modeling of Multistage CMOS Dickson Rectifiers for RF Energy Harvesting","display_name":"Non-Iterative Square-Wave Modeling of Multistage CMOS Dickson Rectifiers for RF Energy Harvesting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130710848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2026.3666784"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2026.3666784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2026.3666784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2026.3666784","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115995017","display_name":"Utkarsh Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8795-2754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Utkarsh Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8795-2754","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051965447","display_name":"Ankit Mittal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8761-2269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankit Mittal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044075492","display_name":"Ufuk Muncuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5322-6159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ufuk Muncuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5322-6159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020694155","display_name":"Aatmesh Shrivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5738-9868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aatmesh Shrivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5738-9868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":3.2519,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89010913,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"82","last_page":"94"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11230","display_name":"Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.698199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5679000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5152000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-factor","display_name":"Power factor","score":0.46059998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-harvesting","display_name":"Energy harvesting","score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultra-high-frequency","display_name":"Ultra high frequency","score":0.4408999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.4198000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rf-power-amplifier","display_name":"RF power amplifier","score":0.3889000117778778}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.698199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.6068999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5679000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5152000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64424096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750454","display_name":"Power factor","level":3,"score":0.46059998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96122199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628096","display_name":"Ultra high frequency","level":2,"score":0.4408999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.4198000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196054291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7276624","display_name":"RF power amplifier","level":4,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50100734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7303176","display_name":"Rectifier (neural networks)","level":5,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206991015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192704","display_name":"Energy conversion efficiency","level":2,"score":0.36329999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46526593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1748579","display_name":"Rectenna","level":4,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117551214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6692774","display_name":"Low-power electronics","level":4,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4775677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449393","display_name":"Semiconductor device modeling","level":3,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116615679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795908","display_name":"Maximum power principle","level":3,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118993495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042828","display_name":"Electrical efficiency","level":3,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776047111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632037","display_name":"Dynamic voltage scaling","level":3,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2026.3666784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2026.3666784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2026.3666784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2026.3666784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9149500727653503,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1415086044","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCSS-2144703","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5404076434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCSS-2225368","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964866838","https://openalex.org/W1974439200","https://openalex.org/W2012021869","https://openalex.org/W2017087483","https://openalex.org/W2034337818","https://openalex.org/W2037304887","https://openalex.org/W2057598795","https://openalex.org/W2065076913","https://openalex.org/W2068266372","https://openalex.org/W2111323554","https://openalex.org/W2117347937","https://openalex.org/W2122002237","https://openalex.org/W2524297658","https://openalex.org/W2572011435","https://openalex.org/W2742171493","https://openalex.org/W2783109947","https://openalex.org/W2791916562","https://openalex.org/W2802326248","https://openalex.org/W2901868364","https://openalex.org/W2913133143","https://openalex.org/W2926590572","https://openalex.org/W2948763686","https://openalex.org/W3040766754","https://openalex.org/W3047836688","https://openalex.org/W3093533190","https://openalex.org/W3133664144","https://openalex.org/W3134490963","https://openalex.org/W3137522988","https://openalex.org/W3141569242","https://openalex.org/W3161049601","https://openalex.org/W3192101184","https://openalex.org/W4205265240","https://openalex.org/W4226227045","https://openalex.org/W4285190604","https://openalex.org/W4312293364","https://openalex.org/W4318828854","https://openalex.org/W4385975511","https://openalex.org/W4386951133","https://openalex.org/W4388407450","https://openalex.org/W4390938806","https://openalex.org/W4409138936","https://openalex.org/W4410614366","https://openalex.org/W4410808428","https://openalex.org/W4412352780","https://openalex.org/W4413677050"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Performance":[0],"evaluation":[1],"of":[2,12,127,134,140,150,164],"UHF":[3],"RF":[4],"energy":[5],"harvesters":[6],"is":[7,55,102],"limited":[8],"by":[9],"the":[10,162,165],"complexity":[11],"analyzing":[13],"rectifiers":[14],"under":[15],"sinusoidal":[16],"excitation.":[17],"This":[18],"work":[19],"presents":[20],"a":[21,47,124,129,138],"non-iterative":[22],"square-wave-based":[23],"analytical":[24,168],"method":[25],"for":[26,34,79],"modeling":[27],"multistage":[28],"CMOS":[29,64],"Dickson":[30],"rectifiers.":[31],"Closed-form":[32],"expressions":[33],"output":[35,37,71,87,157],"voltage,":[36],"power,":[38],"and":[39,60,69,77,82,89,97,110,137,154],"power":[40,72,96,130,158],"conversion":[41],"efficiency":[42],"(PCE)":[43],"are":[44,74],"derived":[45],"using":[46],"fixed-amplitude":[48],"scaling":[49],"factor":[50],"(K=":[51],"\u03c0/4).":[52],"The":[53,100],"approach":[54],"validated":[56],"through":[57],"post-layout":[58],"simulations":[59],"measurements":[61],"in":[62,152,156],"65-nm":[63],"at":[65],"2.4":[66],"GHz.":[67],"Simulated":[68],"modeled":[70],"deviations":[73,91,149],"2.19%,":[75],"2.09%,":[76],"2.67%":[78],"single-,":[80],"three-,":[81],"six-stage":[83],"rectifiers,":[84],"respectively,":[85],"with":[86],"voltage":[88],"PCE":[90,126,153],"below":[92],"3.10%":[93],"across":[94,111],"input":[95],"load":[98],"conditions.":[99],"model":[101],"further":[103],"evaluated":[104],"from":[105,159],"0.5":[106],"to":[107],"3":[108],"GHz":[109],"process":[112],"corners.":[113],"A":[114],"fabricated":[115],"three-stage":[116],"prototype":[117],"(86":[118],"\u03bcm":[119],"\u00d7":[120],"60":[121],"\u03bcm)":[122],"achieves":[123],"peak":[125],"57.94%,":[128],"dynamic":[131],"range":[132],"(PDR)":[133],"22":[135],"dB,":[136],"sensitivity":[139],"\u221223.5":[141],"dBm":[142],"atVOUT=":[143],"1":[144],"V.":[145],"Measured":[146],"results":[147],"show":[148],"2.85%":[151],"2.74%":[155],"simulation,":[160],"confirming":[161],"accuracy":[163],"proposed":[166],"square-wave":[167],"model.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-02-21T00:00:00"}