{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412836953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2025.3574336","title":"A Review on Sub-0.21-V Ultra-Low-Supply-Voltage Analog-to-Digital Converters","display_name":"A Review on Sub-0.21-V Ultra-Low-Supply-Voltage Analog-to-Digital Converters","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412836953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2025.3574336"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2025.3574336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2025.3574336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2025.3574336","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038389383","display_name":"Eric Christie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1799-9140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric Christie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1799-9140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112224260","display_name":"J. Marchant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6532-4003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jared Marchant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6532-4003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030630138","display_name":"Shea Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0657-633X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shea Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023124977","display_name":"Long Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6568-3071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132426","display_name":"Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02vfj3j86","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132426"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6568-3071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132426","https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101635821","display_name":"Chia\u2010Hung Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7753-1721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107359","display_name":"Arnot Ogden Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01w3ec513","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107359"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Hung Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["AccuPulse, Ogden, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7753-1721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AccuPulse, Ogden, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107359"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033562869","display_name":"Shiuh-Hua Wood Chiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8091-6569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiuh-Hua Wood Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8091-6569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038389383"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":1.1486,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78666269,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"228","last_page":"240"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.8364005088806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-voltage","display_name":"Low voltage","score":0.5218431353569031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4694007933139801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.46263712644577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.37939366698265076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22720417380332947}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.8364005088806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128624480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504817","display_name":"Low voltage","level":3,"score":0.5218431353569031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4694007933139801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.46263712644577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.37939366698265076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22720417380332947}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2025.3574336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2025.3574336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bb6c14e52a7042b6a9de57e9c8c040d4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bb6c14e52a7042b6a9de57e9c8c040d4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems, Vol 6, Pp 228-240 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2025.3574336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2025.3574336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3550209144","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC20M0103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308988","funder_display_name":"Utah Space Grant Consortium"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308988","display_name":"Utah Space Grant Consortium","ror":"https://ror.org/0028hgc48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309309","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1579034116","https://openalex.org/W1971453036","https://openalex.org/W2017216250","https://openalex.org/W2018896644","https://openalex.org/W2027981717","https://openalex.org/W2059376040","https://openalex.org/W2095816496","https://openalex.org/W2099278122","https://openalex.org/W2102388997","https://openalex.org/W2156180514","https://openalex.org/W2166243422","https://openalex.org/W2166936511","https://openalex.org/W2220266102","https://openalex.org/W2513502648","https://openalex.org/W2534105203","https://openalex.org/W2607077465","https://openalex.org/W2609526441","https://openalex.org/W2788321631","https://openalex.org/W2791301115","https://openalex.org/W2796212325","https://openalex.org/W2893614659","https://openalex.org/W2896448766","https://openalex.org/W2906598608","https://openalex.org/W2908594358","https://openalex.org/W2911188031","https://openalex.org/W2916345759","https://openalex.org/W2924141413","https://openalex.org/W2972132002","https://openalex.org/W2983362496","https://openalex.org/W2996711802","https://openalex.org/W3162394687","https://openalex.org/W3165882939","https://openalex.org/W3207233952","https://openalex.org/W4200332202","https://openalex.org/W4205939349","https://openalex.org/W4308089746","https://openalex.org/W4310055010","https://openalex.org/W4312795771","https://openalex.org/W4366957261","https://openalex.org/W4389880270","https://openalex.org/W4402727221"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154984715","https://openalex.org/W2074272557","https://openalex.org/W2378564267","https://openalex.org/W2205977329","https://openalex.org/W3178732595","https://openalex.org/W1859921603","https://openalex.org/W1571481168","https://openalex.org/W2082664979","https://openalex.org/W2647696510","https://openalex.org/W1590748692"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ultra-low-supply-voltage":[0],"(ULV)":[1],"analog-to-digital":[2],"converters":[3],"(ADCs)":[4],"operating":[5],"at":[6],"0.21":[7],"V":[8],"or":[9],"lower":[10],"are":[11,45,50],"attractive":[12],"for":[13,60,74,93],"Internet-of-Things":[14],"(IoT)":[15],"and":[16,36,42,47,84],"embedded":[17],"applications":[18],"due":[19],"to":[20,32,64,69,89],"their":[21],"extremely":[22],"low":[23],"power":[24],"consumption.":[25],"This":[26,77],"paper":[27,57,78],"surveys":[28],"state-of-the-art":[29],"ULV":[30,75,94],"ADCs":[31],"evaluate":[33],"current":[34],"trends":[35,49],"design":[37,67],"strategies.":[38],"Architectures,":[39],"circuit":[40,62],"implementations,":[41],"calibration":[43],"techniques":[44],"analyzed":[46],"key":[48],"identified.":[51],"Based":[52],"on":[53],"the":[54,56,61,71,81],"observations,":[55],"provides":[58],"recommendations":[59],"designer":[63],"make":[65],"judicious":[66],"choices":[68],"obtain":[70],"desired":[72],"performance":[73],"ADCs.":[76,95],"further":[79],"explores":[80],"VCO-based":[82],"architecture":[83],"proposes":[85],"a":[86],"new":[87],"topology":[88],"achieve":[90],"high":[91],"resolution":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}