{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410204185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2025.3568058","title":"Homomorphic Evaluation Cluster Architecture for Fully Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic Evaluation Cluster Architecture for Fully Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410204185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2025.3568058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2025.3568058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2025.3568058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2025.3568058","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108956121","display_name":"Hanyoung Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanyoung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072652326","display_name":"Ardianto Satriawan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5400-0995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ardianto Satriawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5400-0995","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069498930","display_name":"Hanho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8815-1927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8815-1927","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":5.2763,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95019698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"135","last_page":"146"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.9144024848937988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6445813179016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5421974658966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.5267462134361267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-secret-sharing","display_name":"Homomorphic secret sharing","score":0.4455448389053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.34300339221954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.28151053190231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2193373441696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.21852031350135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07970714569091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secret-sharing","display_name":"Secret sharing","score":0.06446373462677002}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.9144024848937988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6445813179016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5421974658966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.5267462134361267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132161212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891458","display_name":"Homomorphic secret sharing","level":4,"score":0.4455448389053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.34300339221954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28151053190231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2193373441696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.21852031350135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07970714569091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3087436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1386603","display_name":"Secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.06446373462677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2025.3568058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2025.3568058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1968dc7141a947ddbe2856bd0653f98c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1968dc7141a947ddbe2856bd0653f98c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems, Vol 6, Pp 135-146 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2025.3568058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2025.3568058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3993613658","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7992670732","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2025-02219156","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327261","display_name":"National Center for Research and Development","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498685334","https://openalex.org/W2004814164","https://openalex.org/W2069441027","https://openalex.org/W2400700555","https://openalex.org/W2738531374","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2794927157","https://openalex.org/W2794974431","https://openalex.org/W2800424116","https://openalex.org/W2899140612","https://openalex.org/W2903536544","https://openalex.org/W2953289753","https://openalex.org/W3005730048","https://openalex.org/W3006531732","https://openalex.org/W3094696138","https://openalex.org/W4205236700","https://openalex.org/W4205474236","https://openalex.org/W4210722209","https://openalex.org/W4224245284","https://openalex.org/W4225377307","https://openalex.org/W4231896027","https://openalex.org/W4281609193","https://openalex.org/W4294151933","https://openalex.org/W4307823778","https://openalex.org/W4307925365","https://openalex.org/W4360831809","https://openalex.org/W4360831815","https://openalex.org/W4383220377","https://openalex.org/W4383899661","https://openalex.org/W4385414976","https://openalex.org/W4387121228","https://openalex.org/W4390872229","https://openalex.org/W4394698520","https://openalex.org/W4400230650","https://openalex.org/W4401211587","https://openalex.org/W4402703036","https://openalex.org/W4403123001","https://openalex.org/W4403123695","https://openalex.org/W6862342766","https://openalex.org/W6873605263"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4316659877","https://openalex.org/W3035389378","https://openalex.org/W2607647996","https://openalex.org/W3183645941","https://openalex.org/W2911298733","https://openalex.org/W2949835517","https://openalex.org/W1540514112","https://openalex.org/W2292786713","https://openalex.org/W3163109844","https://openalex.org/W4388857498"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"Homomorphic":[1],"Encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"allows":[4],"computational":[5,80,147],"processing":[6],"of":[7,40,104,120,145,151,191,211],"encrypted":[8,26],"data":[9,19],"on":[10,74,205],"cloud":[11],"servers,":[12],"providing":[13],"high":[14],"security":[15],"and":[16,55,82,92,129,148,157,170,193,231],"enabling":[17],"safe":[18],"utilization.":[20],"As":[21],"homomorphic":[22,132],"multiplication":[23],"progresses":[24],"with":[25],"data,":[27],"noise":[28,38],"accumulates,":[29],"requiring":[30],"a":[31,87,131,173,188,199,209,228,239],"process":[32],"called":[33],"bootstrapping":[34],"to":[35,53,57,70,96,126,215,222,233],"restore":[36],"the":[37,41,79,94,118,123,146,181,202,206,216,223],"level":[39],"new":[42,71],"ciphertext":[43],"ct\u2032.":[44],"Bootstrapping":[45],"involves":[46],"linear":[47],"transformation":[48],"processes,":[49],"such":[50],"as":[51,198],"Coefficient":[52],"Slots":[54,56],"Coefficient,":[58],"where":[59],"most":[60],"operations":[61],"used":[62],"are":[63],"rotation.":[64],"Rotation":[65],"shifts":[66],"elements":[67],"in":[68,122,172,180,219],"slots":[69],"positions":[72],"based":[73],"rotation":[75,88,105,121,200],"index":[76],"k.":[77],"However,":[78],"cost":[81],"memory":[83,149],"bandwidth":[84],"required":[85],"for":[86,108,138],"adds":[89],"significant":[90],"overhead":[91],"limits":[93],"ability":[95],"perform":[97],"FHE":[98,110,139],"operations.":[99],"Therefore,":[100],"an":[101],"efficient":[102],"implementation":[103,204,218],"is":[106,143],"crucial":[107],"high-performance":[109],"applications.":[111],"To":[112],"address":[113],"this":[114],"problem,":[115],"we":[116],"optimized":[117],"datapath":[119],"CKKS":[124],"scheme":[125],"be":[127],"hardware-friendly":[128],"proposed":[130],"evaluation":[133],"cluster":[134],"hardware":[135],"accelerator":[136],"tailored":[137],"workloads.":[140],"Our":[141],"architecture":[142],"aware":[144],"constraints":[150],"field":[152],"programmable":[153],"gate":[154],"arrays":[155],"(FPGAs)":[156],"performs":[158],"number":[159],"theoretic":[160],"transform":[161],"(NTT),":[162],"its":[163],"inverse":[164],"(INTT),":[165],"key":[166],"multiplication,":[167],"base":[168],"conversion,":[169],"automorphism":[171],"single":[174],"cluster.":[175],"We":[176],"implemented":[177],"our":[178],"design":[179,203],"AMD":[182],"Alveo":[183],"U280":[184],"FPGA":[185,207,235],"platform.":[186],"With":[187],"polynomial":[189],"length":[190],"216":[192],"operating":[194],"at":[195],"250":[196],"MHz":[197],"accelerator,":[201],"shows":[208,227,238],"speed-up":[210],"about":[212],"700\u00d7":[213],"compared":[214,232],"CPU":[217],"OpenFHE.":[220],"Compared":[221],"GPU":[224],"implementation,":[225],"it":[226,237],"1.77\u00d7":[229],"speed-up,":[230],"previous":[234],"implementations,":[236],"1.13\u00d7":[240],"better.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}