{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319863542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2023.3240644","title":"High Efficiency Power Management Unit for Implantable Optical-Electrical Stimulators","display_name":"High Efficiency Power Management Unit for Implantable Optical-Electrical Stimulators","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319863542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2023.3240644"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2023.3240644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2023.3240644","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8784029/8999500/10029935.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8784029/8999500/10029935.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078726480","display_name":"Noora Almarri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2099-0473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noora Almarri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2099-0473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044667482","display_name":"Dai Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9575-8831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dai Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9575-8831","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108648341","display_name":"P.J. Langlois","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter J. Langlois","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102995883","display_name":"Mohamad Rahal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0349-1039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Rahal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012493816","display_name":"Andreas Demosthenous","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-963X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Demosthenous","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-963X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078726480"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.8549,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67845924,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"3","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5712712407112122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-power-transfer-theorem","display_name":"Maximum power transfer theorem","score":0.5400581359863281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.5106714367866516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4965255856513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparator","display_name":"Comparator","score":0.48362815380096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-management","display_name":"Power management","score":0.45428466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.451664000749588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4148902893066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3741339445114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.33026403188705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23150783777236938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5712712407112122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17103352","display_name":"Maximum power transfer theorem","level":3,"score":0.5400581359863281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.5106714367866516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4965255856513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155745195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164179","display_name":"Comparator","level":3,"score":0.48362815380096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778774385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4437810","display_name":"Power management","level":3,"score":0.45428466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.451664000749588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4148902893066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3741339445114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.33026403188705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23150783777236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2023.3240644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2023.3240644","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8784029/8999500/10029935.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10167990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10167990/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10167990/1/High_Efficiency_Power_Management_Unit_for_Implantable_Optical-Electrical_Stimulators.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems , 4    pp. 3-14.   (2023)      ","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a458e6bd9c604ed7b682adf2cfd6ee7c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a458e6bd9c604ed7b682adf2cfd6ee7c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems, Vol 4, Pp 3-14 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2023.3240644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2023.3240644","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8784029/8999500/10029935.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1579871192","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MR/R011648/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3772212084","display_name":"Development of a Translational Strategy to Overcome Muscle Paralysis Using Stem Cell Derived Neural Grafts and Optogenetics","funder_award_id":"MR/R011648/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319863542.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319863542.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964354844","https://openalex.org/W1982987056","https://openalex.org/W1985670099","https://openalex.org/W2000011581","https://openalex.org/W2035979929","https://openalex.org/W2055697048","https://openalex.org/W2095290963","https://openalex.org/W2100085270","https://openalex.org/W2102211304","https://openalex.org/W2125409887","https://openalex.org/W2129381389","https://openalex.org/W2144942749","https://openalex.org/W2149831971","https://openalex.org/W2163224337","https://openalex.org/W2497508681","https://openalex.org/W2544680118","https://openalex.org/W2747082052","https://openalex.org/W2790547683","https://openalex.org/W2802338496","https://openalex.org/W2811117593","https://openalex.org/W2899439920","https://openalex.org/W2966566935","https://openalex.org/W2978394926","https://openalex.org/W2981504559","https://openalex.org/W3099924635","https://openalex.org/W3164182602","https://openalex.org/W3173675137","https://openalex.org/W4231501498","https://openalex.org/W4235547147","https://openalex.org/W4293371006"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034349229","https://openalex.org/W1972415042","https://openalex.org/W4366783034","https://openalex.org/W2005410346","https://openalex.org/W3004219868","https://openalex.org/W4313221225","https://openalex.org/W2150642609","https://openalex.org/W4306816370","https://openalex.org/W2189390720","https://openalex.org/W2042511722"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Battery-less":[0],"active":[1],"implantable":[2,51],"devices":[3],"are":[4,70],"of":[5,26,34,58,100,123,139,168],"interest":[6],"because":[7],"they":[8],"offer":[9],"longer":[10],"life":[11],"span":[12],"and":[13,32,44,72,143],"eliminate":[14],"costly":[15],"battery":[16],"replacement":[17],"surgical":[18],"interventions.":[19],"This":[20,81],"is":[21,180],"possible":[22],"as":[23],"a":[24,106,111,126,155,165],"result":[25],"advances":[27],"in":[28,97,154],"inductive":[29,185],"power":[30,35,42,86,177],"transfer":[31,43],"development":[33],"management":[36,87],"circuits":[37],"to":[38,94,190],"maximize":[39],"the":[40,98,121,124,136,140,175],"overall":[41],"provide":[45],"various":[46],"voltage":[47,75,205],"levels":[48],"for":[49,78,90,120,135,146,164],"multi-functional":[50],"devices.":[52],"Rehabilitation":[53],"therapy":[54],"using":[55],"optical":[56],"stimulation":[57],"genetically":[59],"modified":[60],"peripheral":[61],"neurons":[62],"requires":[63],"high":[64],"current":[65],"loads.":[66],"Standard":[67],"rectification":[68],"topologies":[69],"inefficient":[71],"have":[73],"associated":[74],"drops":[76],"unsuited":[77],"miniaturized":[79],"implants.":[80],"paper":[82],"presents":[83],"an":[84,91],"integrated":[85],"unit":[88],"(PMU)":[89],"optical-electrical":[92,141],"stimulator":[93],"be":[95],"used":[96],"treatment":[99],"motor":[101],"neurone":[102],"disease.":[103],"It":[104],"includes":[105],"power-efficient":[107],"regulating":[108],"rectifier":[109],"with":[110,131,198],"novel":[112],"body":[113],"biased":[114],"high-speed":[115],"comparator":[116],"providing":[117],"3.3":[118,169],"V":[119,133,145,170],"operation":[122],"stimulator,":[125,142],"3-stage":[127],"latch-up":[128],"charge":[129,196],"pump":[130,197],"12":[132],"output":[134,167],"input":[137],"stage":[138],"1.8":[144],"digital":[147],"control":[148],"logic.":[149],"The":[150,195],"chip":[151,200],"was":[152],"fabricated":[153],"0.18":[156],"lm":[157],"CMOS":[158],"process.":[159],"Measured":[160],"results":[161],"show":[162],"that":[163],"regulated":[166],"delivering":[171],"30.3":[172],"mW":[173],"power,":[174],"peak":[176],"conversion":[178,206],"efficiency":[179],"84.2%":[181],"at":[182,192],"6.78":[183],"MHz":[184],"link":[186],"tunable":[187],"frequency":[188],"reducing":[189],"70.3%":[191],"13.56":[193],"MHz.":[194],"on":[199],"capacitors":[201],"has":[202],"90.9%":[203],"measured":[204],"efficiency.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
