{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3119076343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2020.3036531","title":"A 32 Gb/s PAM-4 Optical Transceiver With Active Back Termination in 40 nm CMOS Technology","display_name":"A 32 Gb/s PAM-4 Optical Transceiver With Active Back Termination in 40 nm CMOS Technology","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3119076343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2020.3036531","mag":"3119076343"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2020.3036531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2020.3036531","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8784029/9314963/09318038.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8784029/9314963/09318038.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054744765","display_name":"Wei-Hsiang Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4243-0247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Hsiang Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4243-0247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112403615","display_name":"Yi-Hsun Hsieh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Hsun Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029806914","display_name":"Boris Murmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-8782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boris Murmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-8782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042049354","display_name":"Wei\u2010Zen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2840-0754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Zen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2840-0754","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.5085,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62760349,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"56","last_page":"64"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.7073389291763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.6479452848434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transimpedance-amplifier","display_name":"Transimpedance amplifier","score":0.6161550283432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.6083362102508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-graphics-array","display_name":"Video Graphics Array","score":0.5386064052581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.5332208871841431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5087068676948547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmable-gain-amplifier","display_name":"Programmable-gain amplifier","score":0.4891712963581085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-gain-amplifier","display_name":"Variable-gain amplifier","score":0.41107994318008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39339661598205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3675070106983185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.33183491230010986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2753203511238098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-amplifier","display_name":"Operational amplifier","score":0.19182881712913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.10536441206932068}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.7073389291763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6479452848434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92631468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215437","display_name":"Transimpedance amplifier","level":5,"score":0.6161550283432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.6083362102508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139983466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17194","display_name":"Video Graphics Array","level":3,"score":0.5386064052581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.5332208871841431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5087068676948547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781023662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2112149","display_name":"Programmable-gain amplifier","level":4,"score":0.4891712963581085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91541141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1894933","display_name":"Variable-gain amplifier","level":5,"score":0.41107994318008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39339661598205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3675070106983185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.33183491230010986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2753203511238098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145366948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178947","display_name":"Operational amplifier","level":4,"score":0.19182881712913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.10536441206932068}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2020.3036531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2020.3036531","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8784029/9314963/09318038.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:859f2f2a94d84fc39808f2afb39bcebc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/859f2f2a94d84fc39808f2afb39bcebc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems, Vol 2, Pp 56-64 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcas.2020.3036531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcas.2020.3036531","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8784029/9314963/09318038.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192473","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2644-1225","issn":["2644-1225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6858130264","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"109-2221-E-009-133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322410","display_name":"MediaTek","ror":"https://ror.org/05g9jck81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3119076343.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3119076343.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W575517596","https://openalex.org/W1985342807","https://openalex.org/W2016829651","https://openalex.org/W2082044138","https://openalex.org/W2099535384","https://openalex.org/W2155065512","https://openalex.org/W2292053544","https://openalex.org/W2346864961","https://openalex.org/W2488159282","https://openalex.org/W2587877461","https://openalex.org/W2592571780","https://openalex.org/W2625056576","https://openalex.org/W2765583436","https://openalex.org/W2768084090","https://openalex.org/W2781228367","https://openalex.org/W2805810129","https://openalex.org/W2907560421","https://openalex.org/W2942455061","https://openalex.org/W4230115016"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111120985","https://openalex.org/W2152110492","https://openalex.org/W2141499904","https://openalex.org/W2101915223","https://openalex.org/W1978270487","https://openalex.org/W2018237851","https://openalex.org/W2532670297","https://openalex.org/W2024277841","https://openalex.org/W2554774143","https://openalex.org/W3158236095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"describes":[2],"the":[3,24,27,60,68,71,102,107,111,115,128,149,153,183],"design":[4],"of":[5,32,63,77,125],"a":[6,18,37,43,53,78,82,94,123],"32":[7],"Gb/s":[8],"four-level":[9],"pulse":[10],"amplitude":[11],"modulation":[12],"(PAM-":[13],"4)":[14],"optical":[15,74],"transceiver":[16],"in":[17,143],"40":[19,145],"nm":[20,146],"CMOS":[21,147],"technology.":[22],"At":[23,67],"transmitter":[25,154,185],"side,":[26,70],"laser":[28,65],"driver":[29],"is":[30],"composed":[31],"an":[33,87,136],"asymmetric":[34],"waveform":[35],"equalizer,":[36],"3-tap":[38],"feed-forward":[39],"equalizer":[40,98],"(FFE),":[41],"and":[42,93,130,155,164,178,186],"novel":[44],"active-back":[45],"termination":[46],"(ABT)":[47],"circuit.":[48],"The":[49,171],"ABT":[50],"circuit":[51,91],"provides":[52],"self-tracking,":[54],"tunable":[55],"source":[56],"impedance":[57,62],"to":[58],"match":[59],"characteristic":[61],"different":[64],"diodes.":[66],"receiver":[69,75,156],"fully":[72],"integrated":[73],"consists":[76],"transimpedance":[79],"amplifier":[80,85],"(TIA),":[81],"variable":[83],"gain":[84],"(VGA),":[86],"automatic":[88],"threshold":[89],"tracking":[90],"(ATC),":[92],"quarter-rate":[95],"decision":[96],"feedback":[97],"(DFE).":[99],"By":[100],"using":[101],"adaptive":[103],"ATC,":[104],"it":[105],"reduces":[106],"BER":[108],"induced":[109],"by":[110,118,135],"harmonic":[112],"distortion":[113],"along":[114],"signal":[116],"path":[117],"more":[119],"than":[120],"27X":[121],"under":[122],"THD":[124],"-20dB.":[126],"Both":[127],"ATC":[129],"DFE":[131],"are":[132,157,174],"automatically":[133],"adapted":[134],"on-chip":[137],"sign-sign":[138],"LMS":[139],"(SSLMS)":[140],"engine.":[141],"Fabricated":[142],"TSMC":[144],"process,":[148],"chip":[150],"area":[151],"for":[152,182],"about":[158,175],"0.029":[159],"mm":[160,166],"<sup":[161,167],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[162,168],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[163,169],"0.23":[165],".":[170],"power":[172],"consumptions":[173],"146.8":[176],"mW":[177,180],"128.8":[179],"respectively":[181],"PAM-4":[184],"receiver.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}