{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2100126992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ntms.2015.7266530","title":"Using thermal transients at the outlet of electrical water heaters to recognise consumption patterns for heating schedule optimisation","display_name":"Using thermal transients at the outlet of electrical water heaters to recognise consumption patterns for heating schedule optimisation","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2100126992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ntms.2015.7266530","mag":"2100126992"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ntms.2015.7266530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ntms.2015.7266530","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 7th International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015572992","display_name":"Pieter Nel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6458-5189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P. J. C. Nel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa","Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067057174","display_name":"M.J. Booysen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-2069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. J. Thinus Booysen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, ZA","Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, ZA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102705031","display_name":"B. van der Merwe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0546-5619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. van der Merwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Stellen bosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa","Department of Computer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Stellen bosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015572992"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3946,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66996944,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11954","display_name":"Energy Efficiency and Management","score":0.9616000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-shortage","display_name":"Economic shortage","score":0.7582958936691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.6699916124343872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.658286452293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5554882287979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.5145320296287537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-consumption","display_name":"Water consumption","score":0.5086610913276672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.48387277126312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4725586771965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.4477335810661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-heating","display_name":"Water heating","score":0.4236138164997101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.39505305886268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2662486433982849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-engineering","display_name":"Environmental engineering","score":0.1861470639705658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management","display_name":"Waste management","score":0.1714327037334442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1665947437286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.13533717393875122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.11633595824241638}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.7582958936691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.6699916124343872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.658286452293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5554882287979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.5145320296287537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982944804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26534","display_name":"Water consumption","level":2,"score":0.5086610913276672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.48387277126312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4725586771965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4477335810661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987760187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27098513","display_name":"Water heating","level":2,"score":0.4236138164997101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.39505305886268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2662486433982849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.1861470639705658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.1714327037334442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1665947437286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.13533717393875122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.11633595824241638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ntms.2015.7266530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ntms.2015.7266530","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 7th International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/97519","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97519","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400300","display_name":"SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","host_organization_name":"Stellenbosch University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:460CF-832-F0C","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/NTMS.2015.7266530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401210","display_name":"EngrXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conferencepaper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91840271","https://openalex.org/W1971358929","https://openalex.org/W1989750171","https://openalex.org/W2046284325","https://openalex.org/W2101716611","https://openalex.org/W2111936770","https://openalex.org/W2130953666","https://openalex.org/W6603748060","https://openalex.org/W6679583301","https://openalex.org/W7014726713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2509147714","https://openalex.org/W2579473328","https://openalex.org/W46955353","https://openalex.org/W4239898203","https://openalex.org/W2955295882","https://openalex.org/W2603666417","https://openalex.org/W2145869671","https://openalex.org/W2563217655","https://openalex.org/W2357816140","https://openalex.org/W2101665666"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,13,62,84,97,111,128],"midst":[2],"of":[3,15,34,67,86,108,127],"environmental":[4],"concerns,":[5],"and":[6,10,64,74],"soaring":[7],"energy":[8,11],"costs":[9],"shortages,":[12],"efficiency":[14],"electrical":[16],"household":[17],"water":[18,69],"heaters":[19],"(EWHs)":[20],"has":[21,41,49],"been":[22,42,50],"identified":[23],"as":[24],"an":[25,59,87,106],"area":[26],"with":[27,105],"significant":[28],"potential":[29],"for":[30,39],"savings.":[31],"The":[32,93],"benefits":[33],"applying":[35],"optimised":[36],"scheduling":[37],"control":[38],"EWHs":[40],"proven":[43],"by":[44],"various":[45],"studies,":[46],"however,":[47],"little":[48],"done":[51],"to":[52,61,89,101,114,121],"measure":[53,90],"individual":[54],"behaviour.":[55],"This":[56],"paper":[57],"presents":[58],"alternative":[60],"invasive":[63],"expensive":[65],"solution":[66,76],"using":[68],"flow":[70],"meters.":[71],"A":[72],"hardware":[73],"algorithmic":[75],"is":[77,99],"presented":[78],"that":[79,96],"uses":[80],"thermal":[81,115],"transients":[82],"at":[83],"outlet":[85],"EWH":[88],"consumption":[91],"patterns.":[92],"results":[94],"show":[95],"approach":[98],"able":[100],"detect":[102],"usage":[103],"events":[104],"accuracy":[107,125],"91%.":[109],"Despite":[110],"challenges":[112],"related":[113],"inaccuracies,":[116],"event":[117],"durations":[118],"are":[119],"estimated":[120],"within":[122],"2":[123],"minutes":[124],"79%":[126],"time.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-25T21:42:39.735039","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}