{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215929450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/norcas53631.2021.9599646","title":"Machine Learning Approach for Accelerating Simulation-based Fault Injection","display_name":"Machine Learning Approach for Accelerating Simulation-based Fault Injection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215929450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/norcas53631.2021.9599646","mag":"3215929450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/norcas53631.2021.9599646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/norcas53631.2021.9599646","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061780029","display_name":"Li Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-9066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96578850","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zwmgk08","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["IHP-Leibniz-Institut f&#x00FC;r innovative Mikroelektronik,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IHP-Leibniz-Institut f&#x00FC;r innovative Mikroelektronik,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101711633","display_name":"Junchao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4413-0937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96578850","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zwmgk08","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junchao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IHP-Leibniz-Institut f&#x00FC;r innovative Mikroelektronik,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IHP-Leibniz-Institut f&#x00FC;r innovative Mikroelektronik,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030577367","display_name":"Anselm Breitenreiter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7095-7551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96578850","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zwmgk08","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anselm Breitenreiter","raw_affiliation_strings":["IHP-Leibniz-Institut f&#x00FC;r innovative Mikroelektronik,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IHP-Leibniz-Institut f&#x00FC;r innovative Mikroelektronik,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041968870","display_name":"Oliver Schrape","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3513-3239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96578850","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zwmgk08","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Schrape","raw_affiliation_strings":["IHP-Leibniz-Institut f&#x00FC;r innovative Mikroelektronik,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IHP-Leibniz-Institut f&#x00FC;r innovative Mikroelektronik,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063940342","display_name":"Markus Ulbricht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9230-640X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96578850","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zwmgk08","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Ulbricht","raw_affiliation_strings":["IHP-Leibniz-Institut f&#x00FC;r innovative Mikroelektronik,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IHP-Leibniz-Institut f&#x00FC;r innovative Mikroelektronik,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004959402","display_name":"Milo\u0161 Krsti\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0267-0203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96578850","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zwmgk08","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milos Krstic","raw_affiliation_strings":["IHP-Leibniz-Institut f&#x00FC;r innovative Mikroelektronik,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IHP-Leibniz-Institut f&#x00FC;r innovative Mikroelektronik,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061780029"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5014,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64843836,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-injection","display_name":"Fault injection","score":0.8874215483665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netlist","display_name":"Netlist","score":0.8545937538146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6631323099136353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6041492223739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5414003133773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5253141522407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stuck-at-fault","display_name":"Stuck-at fault","score":0.5124809741973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5047639608383179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-model","display_name":"Fault model","score":0.47434937953948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-coverage","display_name":"Fault coverage","score":0.4504387080669403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-simulator","display_name":"Fault Simulator","score":0.42548564076423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3740779161453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34127843379974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.25273799896240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.2212560474872589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.2088145613670349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20118853449821472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.1717590093612671}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775928411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2041312","display_name":"Fault injection","level":3,"score":0.8874215483665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177650935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760303","display_name":"Netlist","level":2,"score":0.8545937538146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6631323099136353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6041492223739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5414003133773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5253141522407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13625343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627418","display_name":"Stuck-at fault","level":4,"score":0.5124809741973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5047639608383179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167391956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401211","display_name":"Fault model","level":3,"score":0.47434937953948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126953365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438152","display_name":"Fault coverage","level":3,"score":0.4504387080669403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776365744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438149","display_name":"Fault Simulator","level":5,"score":0.42548564076423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3740779161453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34127843379974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.25273799896240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.2212560474872589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.2088145613670349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20118853449821472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.1717590093612671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/norcas53631.2021.9599646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/norcas53631.2021.9599646","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1034260611","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16ME0134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1932847118","https://openalex.org/W1999799697","https://openalex.org/W2011289549","https://openalex.org/W2135604190","https://openalex.org/W2160410291","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2969352854","https://openalex.org/W2979282337","https://openalex.org/W3048039335","https://openalex.org/W3048221011","https://openalex.org/W3097976705","https://openalex.org/W3099613315","https://openalex.org/W3103154468","https://openalex.org/W3149544844"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181492660","https://openalex.org/W1600260729","https://openalex.org/W2742111403","https://openalex.org/W2054112973","https://openalex.org/W2185394135","https://openalex.org/W2031110496","https://openalex.org/W1999039453","https://openalex.org/W2061946964","https://openalex.org/W1964801859","https://openalex.org/W2496582029"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Simulation-based":[0],"fault":[1,44,52,62,69,82,97,117,173],"injection":[2,45,63,70,98,118,174],"is":[3,7,23,71,102,128,155,198],"an":[4],"approach,":[5,154],"which":[6],"usually":[8],"conducted":[9],"in":[10,84,147,175],"the":[11,16,33,43,48,51,58,79,85,116,121,143,153,158,172],"design":[12],"phase":[13],"to":[14,42,46,77,104,114,151,180],"evaluate":[15],"reliability":[17],"of":[18,35,50,81,120,133],"circuits.":[19],"However,":[20],"this":[21,148,165],"approach":[22,56,127],"frequently":[24],"time-consuming,":[25],"especially":[26],"for":[27,61,74],"large":[28],"designs.":[29],"This":[30],"paper":[31],"explores":[32],"possibilities":[34],"applying":[36],"machine":[37,89,108,125,187],"learning":[38,90,109,126,188],"(ML)":[39],"as":[40],"enhancement":[41],"reduce":[47],"runtime":[49],"verification.":[53],"The":[54,124,145,194],"proposed":[55],"separates":[57],"target":[59],"gates":[60],"into":[64],"two":[65],"subsets.":[66],"Standard":[67],"simulation-based":[68],"only":[72],"performed":[73],"first":[75],"subset":[76],"get":[78],"result":[80,119],"propagation":[83],"circuit,":[86],"and":[87,106,167,200],"enables":[88],"process.":[91],"Based":[92],"on":[93,130,142],"such":[94],"partial":[95],"classical":[96],"campaign,":[99],"a":[100,131,203],"dataset":[101,146],"built":[103],"train":[105],"validate":[107,152],"models":[110,189],"that":[111,136],"are":[112],"able":[113],"predict":[115],"remaining":[122],"gates.":[123],"based":[129,141],"set":[132],"relevant":[134],"features":[135],"could":[137],"be":[138],"easily":[139],"extracted":[140],"netlist.":[144],"study,":[149],"used":[150],"obtained":[156],"from":[157],"ADC":[159],"digital":[160],"core.":[161],"We":[162,183],"have":[163,184],"evaluated":[164,185],"netlist":[166],"provided":[168],"ML-driven":[169],"assessment":[170],"whether":[171],"some":[176],"gate":[177],"will":[178],"propagate":[179],"primary":[181],"outputs.":[182],"several":[186],"with":[190,208],"different":[191],"loss":[192],"functions.":[193],"best":[195],"prediction":[196],"accuracy":[197],"95%":[199],"achieved":[201],"by":[202],"4":[204],"layer":[205],"neural":[206],"network":[207],"weighted":[209],"Cross":[210],"Entropy.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
