{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400234185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms59830.2024.10575448","title":"Towards a Transformer-Based Pre-trained Model for IoT Traffic Classification","display_name":"Towards a Transformer-Based Pre-trained Model for IoT Traffic Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400234185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms59830.2024.10575448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms59830.2024.10575448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms59830.2024.10575448","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2024-2024 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092370925","display_name":"Bruna Bazaluk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7025-0934"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruna Bazaluk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of São Paulo,Department of Computer Science,Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of São Paulo,Department of Computer Science,Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010803372","display_name":"Mosab Hamdan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1008-3028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mosab Hamdan","raw_affiliation_strings":["KFUPM,Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Secure Systems,Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KFUPM,Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Secure Systems,Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007631351","display_name":"Mustafa Ghaleb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2842-6532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Ghaleb","raw_affiliation_strings":["KFUPM,Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Secure Systems,Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KFUPM,Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Secure Systems,Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029460291","display_name":"Mohammed S. M. Gismalla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8743-6859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed S. M. Gismalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["KFUPM,Center for Communication Systems and Sensing,Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KFUPM,Center for Communication Systems and Sensing,Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065813156","display_name":"Fl\u00e1vio S. Corr\u00eaa da Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Flavio S. Correa da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of São Paulo,Department of Computer Science,Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of São Paulo,Department of Computer Science,Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067928085","display_name":"Daniel Mac\u00eado Batista","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-5896"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Mac\u00eado Batista","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of São Paulo,Department of Computer Science,Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of São Paulo,Department of Computer Science,Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1383,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88853472,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9309999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7327855229377747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6300477981567383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.588748037815094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41916123032569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3576122224330902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2704154849052429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15147587656974792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10731333494186401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.07284265756607056}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7327855229377747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6300477981567383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.588748037815094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41916123032569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3576122224330902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2704154849052429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15147587656974792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10731333494186401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.07284265756607056}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms59830.2024.10575448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms59830.2024.10575448","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2024-2024 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:7d3ba2a4-c4b9-45ac-90b7-51f60e151c8b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://avesis.kocaeli.edu.tr/publication/details/7d3ba2a4-c4b9-45ac-90b7-51f60e151c8b/oai","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055291","display_name":"Kocaeli \u00dcniversitesi - AVES\u0130S","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2190207511","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W3045016378","https://openalex.org/W3105068857","https://openalex.org/W3111356309","https://openalex.org/W4205820967","https://openalex.org/W4294672446","https://openalex.org/W4313525960","https://openalex.org/W4321487091","https://openalex.org/W4367016741","https://openalex.org/W4377102662","https://openalex.org/W4379659755","https://openalex.org/W4382128171","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385471846","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6786948829","https://openalex.org/W6907393504"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,109],"classification":[1,17,139],"of":[2,12,26,34,51,78,130,156],"IoT":[3,52,96,119],"traffic":[4,53,120,138],"is":[5,47,112,167],"important":[6],"to":[7,36,73],"improve":[8],"efficiency":[9],"and":[10,15,71,84,122,161],"security":[11],"IoT-based":[13],"networks,":[14],"state-of-the-art":[16,104],"methods":[18],"are":[19],"based":[20],"on":[21,114],"Deep":[22],"Learning.":[23],"However,":[24],"most":[25],"the":[27,55,75,103,145],"current":[28],"results":[29,135],"require":[30],"a":[31,48,94,115,127],"big":[32],"amount":[33,50],"data":[35],"be":[37,124],"trained.":[38],"This":[39],"way,":[40],"in":[41,86,136],"real":[42],"life":[43],"situations,":[44],"where":[45],"there":[46],"scarce":[49],"data,":[54,132],"models":[56,64],"would":[57],"not":[58],"perform":[59],"so":[60],"well.":[61],"Consequently,":[62],"these":[63],"underperform":[65],"outside":[66],"their":[67],"initial":[68],"training":[69],"conditions":[70],"fail":[72],"capture":[74],"complex":[76],"characteristics":[77],"network":[79],"traffic,":[80],"rendering":[81],"them":[82],"inefficient":[83],"unreliable":[85],"real-world":[87],"applications.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"we":[92],"propose":[93],"novel":[95],"Traffic":[97],"Classification":[98],"Transformer":[99],"(ITCT)":[100],"approach,":[101],"utilizing":[102],"transformer-based":[105],"model":[106,147],"named":[107],"TabTransformer.":[108],"model,":[110],"which":[111],"pre-trained":[113],"large":[116],"labeled":[117,131],"MQTT-based":[118],"dataset":[121],"may":[123],"fine-tuned":[125],"with":[126],"small":[128],"set":[129],"showed":[133],"promising":[134],"various":[137],"tasks.":[140],"Our":[141],"experiments":[142],"demonstrated":[143],"that":[144],"ITCT":[146],"significantly":[148],"outperforms":[149],"existing":[150],"models,":[151],"achieving":[152],"an":[153],"overall":[154],"accuracy":[155],"82%.":[157],"To":[158],"support":[159],"reproducibility":[160],"collaborative":[162],"development,":[163],"all":[164],"associated":[165],"code":[166],"made":[168],"publicly":[169],"available.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}