{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412445912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms57970.2025.11073729","title":"Scheduling Latency-Sensitive Tasks in the Cloud Continuum with Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Scheduling Latency-Sensitive Tasks in the Cloud Continuum with Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412445912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms57970.2025.11073729"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms57970.2025.11073729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms57970.2025.11073729","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2025-2025 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033977160","display_name":"Doriana Monaco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7908-5184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Doriana Monaco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino,Department of Control and Computer Engineering,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino,Department of Control and Computer Engineering,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011246061","display_name":"Alessio Sacco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2835-5455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Sacco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino,Department of Control and Computer Engineering,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino,Department of Control and Computer Engineering,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023714356","display_name":"Claudio Casetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9507-8526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Casetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino,Department of Control and Computer Engineering,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino,Department of Control and Computer Engineering,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010269472","display_name":"Guido Marchetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3588-9367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guido Marchetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino,Department of Control and Computer Engineering,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino,Department of Control and Computer Engineering,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033977160"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4958,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93356056,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"01","last_page":"09"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9671000242233276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8070098161697388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7766598463058472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6182790994644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5724328756332397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5617443323135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.49858975410461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29683876037597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11426585912704468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08580097556114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08095207810401917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8070098161697388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7766598463058472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6182790994644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5724328756332397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5617443323135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.49858975410461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29683876037597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11426585912704468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08580097556114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08095207810401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms57970.2025.11073729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms57970.2025.11073729","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2025-2025 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2749807327","https://openalex.org/W2931168649","https://openalex.org/W2979907307","https://openalex.org/W3001760383","https://openalex.org/W3021193956","https://openalex.org/W3027517615","https://openalex.org/W3034307922","https://openalex.org/W3037164854","https://openalex.org/W3085760006","https://openalex.org/W3092308264","https://openalex.org/W3094055136","https://openalex.org/W3112164530","https://openalex.org/W3123098613","https://openalex.org/W3153863114","https://openalex.org/W3154552531","https://openalex.org/W3169223224","https://openalex.org/W3171286612","https://openalex.org/W3174273494","https://openalex.org/W3189481398","https://openalex.org/W3213200620","https://openalex.org/W4281680218","https://openalex.org/W4285815179","https://openalex.org/W4285820295","https://openalex.org/W4292973559","https://openalex.org/W4312205729","https://openalex.org/W4321020976","https://openalex.org/W4367359536","https://openalex.org/W4384157937","https://openalex.org/W4384157961","https://openalex.org/W4386709963","https://openalex.org/W4387005852","https://openalex.org/W4389989228","https://openalex.org/W4400233794","https://openalex.org/W4400234032","https://openalex.org/W4400489848","https://openalex.org/W4402710316","https://openalex.org/W6743756900","https://openalex.org/W6744580074","https://openalex.org/W6764218722"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W3150465815","https://openalex.org/W4223488648","https://openalex.org/W2134969820","https://openalex.org/W2251605416","https://openalex.org/W1997222214","https://openalex.org/W2560439919","https://openalex.org/W4389340727","https://openalex.org/W2802581102","https://openalex.org/W4205786897"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Service":[0],"orchestrators":[1],"such":[2,114],"as":[3,106],"Kubernetes":[4,149],"are":[5,68],"widely":[6],"employed":[7],"to":[8,26,50,70,91,125,170,176],"automate":[9],"the":[10,19,72,88],"handling":[11],"and":[12,39,60,78,87,122,134,145,162],"scheduling":[13],"of":[14,34,75,130,180],"workloads,":[15],"which":[16,25],"involves":[17],"determining":[18],"most":[20],"suitable":[21],"physical":[22],"node":[23],"on":[24],"start":[27],"a":[28,82,115,120,141,147],"new":[29,47],"task.":[30],"The":[31],"expanding":[32],"application":[33],"Machine":[35],"Learning":[36,43],"(ML)":[37],"algorithms,":[38],"in":[40,113,140,146],"particular":[41],"Reinforcement":[42],"(RL),":[44],"opens":[45],"up":[46],"development":[48],"opportunities":[49],"make":[51],"runtime":[52],"decisions":[53],"that":[54,110],"can":[55,111,167],"account":[56],"for":[57],"multiple":[58],"metrics":[59,133],"varying":[61],"network":[62,171],"conditions.":[63],"However,":[64],"current":[65],"RL-based":[66],"solutions":[67],"unable":[69],"fit":[71],"growing":[73],"complexity":[74],"distributed":[76],"applications":[77],"infrastructure,":[79],"characterized":[80],"by":[81,118,173],"more":[83],"heterogeneous":[84],"resource":[85],"continuum":[86,117],"increasing":[89],"need":[90],"minimize":[92],"energy":[93,160],"consumption":[94],"while":[95],"satisfying":[96],"tasks'":[97],"requirements.":[98],"To":[99],"fill":[100],"this":[101],"gap,":[102],"we":[103],"propose":[104],"RL-ICE":[105,139,166],"an":[107],"innovative":[108],"scheduler":[109],"work":[112],"cloud":[116],"leveraging":[119],"multi-cluster":[121],"hierarchical":[123],"RL":[124],"satisfy":[126],"both":[127,152],"user":[128],"Quality":[129],"Experience":[131],"(QoE)":[132],"tenant's":[135],"costs.":[136,164],"We":[137],"test":[138],"simulated":[142],"large-scale":[143],"environment":[144],"real-world":[148],"setup.":[150],"In":[151],"scenarios,":[153],"our":[154],"solution":[155],"effectively":[156],"balances":[157],"user-perceived":[158],"latency,":[159],"consumption,":[161],"deployment":[163],"Additionally,":[165],"dynamically":[168],"respond":[169],"failures":[172],"migrating":[174],"microservices":[175],"maintain":[177],"efficient":[178],"management":[179],"resources.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
