{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412445909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms57970.2025.11073582","title":"Granomaly: A Framework for Anomaly Detection in 5G Core Network Control Plane Traffic with Temporal Graph Neural Networks","display_name":"Granomaly: A Framework for Anomaly Detection in 5G Core Network Control Plane Traffic with Temporal Graph Neural Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412445909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms57970.2025.11073582"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms57970.2025.11073582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms57970.2025.11073582","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2025-2025 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017876886","display_name":"T. A. Fritz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7081-2635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145923","display_name":"Bundeswehr Medical Service Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/04y9zrf69","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145923","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Fritz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bundesweher University Munich,Research Institute CODE,Munich,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bundesweher University Munich,Research Institute CODE,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4210145923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118995498","display_name":"Alexander Schwankner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145923","display_name":"Bundeswehr Medical Service Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/04y9zrf69","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145923","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Schwankner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bundesweher University Munich,Research Institute CODE,Munich,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bundesweher University Munich,Research Institute CODE,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4210145923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jan-Hendrik Wissing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145923","display_name":"Bundeswehr Medical Service Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/04y9zrf69","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145923","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan-Hendrik Wissing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bundesweher University Munich,Research Institute CODE,Munich,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bundesweher University Munich,Research Institute CODE,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4210145923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018594386","display_name":"Robin Buchta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5335-5735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140025399","display_name":"Hochschule Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2kj587","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140025399"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin Buchta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hochschule Hannover,Hanover,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hochschule Hannover,Hanover,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140025399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078551681","display_name":"Gabi Dreo Rodosek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8702-8553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145923","display_name":"Bundeswehr Medical Service Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/04y9zrf69","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145923","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabi Dreo Rodosek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bundesweher University Munich,Research Institute CODE,Munich,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bundesweher University Munich,Research Institute CODE,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4210145923"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6805,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8078491,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.672101616859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5569924116134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.518580436706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48159003257751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4782613515853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.46627548336982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-control-plane","display_name":"Routing control plane","score":0.4500449597835541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forwarding-plane","display_name":"Forwarding plane","score":0.44026339054107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34720373153686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3114050030708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.2264104187488556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16493043303489685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08192959427833557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.672101616859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5569924116134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.518580436706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48159003257751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4782613515853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.46627548336982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145595949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7371619","display_name":"Routing control plane","level":2,"score":0.4500449597835541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10597312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5473302","display_name":"Forwarding plane","level":3,"score":0.44026339054107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34720373153686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3114050030708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2264104187488556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16493043303489685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08192959427833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms57970.2025.11073582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms57970.2025.11073582","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2025-2025 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W2783741806","https://openalex.org/W3010676594","https://openalex.org/W3034578955","https://openalex.org/W3133487341","https://openalex.org/W3183765950","https://openalex.org/W3201491683","https://openalex.org/W3208773001","https://openalex.org/W4226206258","https://openalex.org/W4285814017","https://openalex.org/W4286374021","https://openalex.org/W4286750969","https://openalex.org/W4287755062","https://openalex.org/W4290991547","https://openalex.org/W4293038479","https://openalex.org/W4307042912","https://openalex.org/W4309050063","https://openalex.org/W4312767611","https://openalex.org/W4313378981","https://openalex.org/W4313423370","https://openalex.org/W4315783112","https://openalex.org/W4360604758","https://openalex.org/W4378554296","https://openalex.org/W4380590077","https://openalex.org/W4383180432","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386932075","https://openalex.org/W4390826948","https://openalex.org/W4393180479","https://openalex.org/W4396768259","https://openalex.org/W4399151838","https://openalex.org/W4400234090","https://openalex.org/W4402754310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W2073926975","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W3210364259","https://openalex.org/W4214777079","https://openalex.org/W4300558037","https://openalex.org/W2667207928","https://openalex.org/W3093659890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,109],"3rd":[1],"Generation":[2],"Partnership":[3],"Project":[4],"(3GPP)":[5],"introduced":[6],"a":[7,88,112],"service-based":[8],"architecture":[9],"in":[10,59,79,105],"the":[11,23,31,42,74,126,144],"5G":[12,106,114,149],"core":[13,107,115],"network,":[14,116],"enabling":[15],"flexible":[16],"communication":[17],"through":[18],"modular":[19],"network":[20,80],"functions":[21],"and":[22,27,37,54,125,146],"separation":[24],"of":[25,33,128,148],"control":[26,102],"user":[28],"planes.":[29],"While":[30],"integration":[32],"machine":[34],"learning":[35],"(ML)":[36],"artificial":[38],"intelligence":[39],"(AI)":[40],"via":[41],"Network":[43],"Data":[44],"Analytics":[45],"Function":[46],"(NWDAF)":[47],"has":[48],"enhanced":[49],"capabilities":[50],"like":[51],"anomaly":[52,90,123],"detection":[53,91],"resource":[55],"optimization,":[56],"challenges":[57],"persist":[58],"identifying":[60],"unknown":[61],"attacks,":[62],"particularly":[63],"within":[64],"encrypted":[65],"traffic.":[66],"Current":[67],"ML":[68],"methods":[69],"often":[70],"fail":[71],"to":[72,100],"leverage":[73],"temporal":[75],"graph":[76],"structure":[77],"inherent":[78],"traffic,":[81],"limiting":[82],"their":[83],"effectiveness.":[84],"This":[85],"paper":[86],"proposes":[87],"novel":[89],"framework,":[92],"Granomaly,":[93],"leveraging":[94],"Temporal":[95],"Graph":[96],"Neural":[97],"Networks":[98],"(TGNNs)":[99],"analyze":[101],"plane":[103],"traffic":[104,141],"networks.":[108,150],"framework":[110],"includes":[111],"simulated":[113],"two":[117,129],"benchmark":[118],"datasets":[119],"tailored":[120],"for":[121],"TGNN":[122,130],"detection,":[124],"application":[127],"methods.":[131],"Results":[132],"demonstrate":[133],"that":[134],"TG":[135],"NN":[136],"s":[137],"effectively":[138],"detect":[139],"subtle":[140],"anomalies\u201d":[142],"improving":[143],"robustness":[145],"security":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
