{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381744954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms56928.2023.10154298","title":"gym-hpa: Efficient Auto-Scaling via Reinforcement Learning for Complex Microservice-based Applications in Kubernetes","display_name":"gym-hpa: Efficient Auto-Scaling via Reinforcement Learning for Complex Microservice-based Applications in Kubernetes","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381744954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms56928.2023.10154298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms56928.2023.10154298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms56928.2023.10154298","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2023-2023 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01H0J37FFRP38GXQPE89DZHMVH/file/01H0J3A4KV2N2CWWJKZKBF7T48.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101837515","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6276-2057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University - imec,IDLab,Department of Information Technology Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126,Gent,Belgium,9052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University - imec,IDLab,Department of Information Technology Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126,Gent,Belgium,9052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078209506","display_name":"Tim Wauters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2618-3311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Wauters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University - imec,IDLab,Department of Information Technology Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126,Gent,Belgium,9052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University - imec,IDLab,Department of Information Technology Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126,Gent,Belgium,9052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061693660","display_name":"Bruno Volckaert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0575-5894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruno Volckaert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University - imec,IDLab,Department of Information Technology Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126,Gent,Belgium,9052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University - imec,IDLab,Department of Information Technology Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126,Gent,Belgium,9052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051784384","display_name":"Filip De Turck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4824-1199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filip De Turck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University - imec,IDLab,Department of Information Technology Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126,Gent,Belgium,9052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University - imec,IDLab,Department of Information Technology Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126,Gent,Belgium,9052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6897,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96395835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microservices","display_name":"Microservices","score":0.9692622423171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8187277317047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7327842116355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.694460928440094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6607938408851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6184102892875671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6063229441642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5425652861595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5382286310195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4758308231830597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.42131441831588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.4104790985584259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.252638041973114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.23856961727142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.18759673833847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.17469194531440735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.10658952593803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1050364077091217}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778505942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18344624","display_name":"Microservices","level":3,"score":0.9692622423171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8187277317047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7327842116355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.694460928440094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6607938408851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6184102892875671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6063229441642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5425652861595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5382286310195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4758308231830597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.42131441831588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.4104790985584259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.252638041973114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.23856961727142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.18759673833847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.17469194531440735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.10658952593803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1050364077091217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms56928.2023.10154298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms56928.2023.10154298","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2023-2023 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01H0J37FFRP38GXQPE89DZHMVH","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01H0J37FFRP38GXQPE89DZHMVH","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01H0J37FFRP38GXQPE89DZHMVH/file/01H0J3A4KV2N2CWWJKZKBF7T48.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400477","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISBN: 9781665477161","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01H0J37FFRP38GXQPE89DZHMVH","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01H0J37FFRP38GXQPE89DZHMVH","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01H0J37FFRP38GXQPE89DZHMVH/file/01H0J3A4KV2N2CWWJKZKBF7T48.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400477","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISBN: 9781665477161","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2563411935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1299323N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381744954.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381744954.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3181741639","https://openalex.org/W4210334847","https://openalex.org/W4367181468","https://openalex.org/W2767473057","https://openalex.org/W2994988622","https://openalex.org/W3003367851","https://openalex.org/W3119944216","https://openalex.org/W2351197002","https://openalex.org/W4288621009","https://openalex.org/W2953155972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Containers":[0],"have":[1,13],"revolutionized":[2],"application":[3],"deployment":[4,27],"and":[5,29,41,123,141,180],"life-cycle":[6],"management":[7],"in":[8,81,147,155],"current":[9],"cloud":[10,132,149],"platforms.":[11],"Applications":[12],"evolved":[14],"from":[15],"large":[16],"monoliths":[17],"to":[18,25,50,64,117,137,189],"complex":[19,52],"graphs":[20],"of":[21,43,78],"loosely-coupled":[22],"microservices":[23,44],"aiming":[24],"improve":[26,138],"flexibility":[28],"operational":[30],"efficiency.":[31],"However,":[32],"modern":[33],"microservice-based":[34],"architectures":[35],"are":[36],"challenging":[37],"since":[38],"proper":[39],"allocation":[40],"scaling":[42,191],"is":[45,136],"a":[46,86],"difficult":[47],"task":[48],"due":[49],"their":[51],"inter-dependencies.":[53],"Existing":[54],"works":[55],"do":[56],"not":[57],"consider":[58],"microservice":[59,79,153,160],"dependencies,":[60],"which":[61],"could":[62],"lead":[63],"the":[65,76,107,112,119,143,169,182],"application\u2019s":[66,144,183],"performance":[67],"degradation":[68],"when":[69],"service":[70],"demand":[71],"increases.":[72],"This":[73],"paper":[74],"studies":[75],"impact":[77],"interdependencies":[80],"auto-scaling":[82,94,124],"mechanisms":[83],"by":[84,126,151,178,186],"proposing":[85],"novel":[87],"framework":[88,101,171],"named":[89],"gym-hpa":[90,170],"that":[91,164],"enables":[92],"different":[93],"goals":[95],"via":[96],"Reinforcement":[97],"Learning":[98],"(RL).":[99],"The":[100,134],"has":[102],"been":[103],"developed":[104],"based":[105],"on":[106,130,174],"OpenAI":[108],"Gym":[109],"library":[110],"for":[111],"popular":[113],"Kubernetes":[114],"(K8s)":[115],"platform":[116],"bridge":[118],"gap":[120],"between":[121],"RL":[122,128,165],"research":[125],"training":[127],"agents":[129,166],"real":[131],"environments.":[133],"aim":[135],"resource":[139,176],"usage":[140,177],"reduce":[142,173,181],"response":[145,184],"time":[146,185],"future":[148],"platforms":[150],"considering":[152],"inter-dependencies":[154],"horizontal":[156],"scaling.":[157],"Experiments":[158],"with":[159,168],"benchmark":[161],"applications":[162],"show":[163],"trained":[167],"can":[172],"average":[175],"30%":[179],"25%":[187],"compared":[188],"default":[190],"mechanisms.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}