{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381744996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms56928.2023.10154267","title":"Generalizable Resource Scaling of 5G Slices using Constrained Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Generalizable Resource Scaling of 5G Slices using Constrained Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381744996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms56928.2023.10154267"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms56928.2023.10154267","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms56928.2023.10154267","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2023-2023 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013358220","display_name":"Muhammad Sulaiman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Sulaiman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo,David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science,Ontario,Canada","David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo,David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028252716","display_name":"Mahdieh Ahmadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0369-5640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdieh Ahmadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo,David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science,Ontario,Canada","David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo,David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039801401","display_name":"Mohammad A. Salahuddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5431-3278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad A. Salahuddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo,David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science,Ontario,Canada","David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo,David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038723583","display_name":"Raouf Boutaba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7936-6862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raouf Boutaba","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo,David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science,Ontario,Canada","David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo,David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065045834","display_name":"Aladdin Saleh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127050","display_name":"Rogers Communications (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/032bte841","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127050"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aladdin Saleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rogers Communications Inc,Ontario,Canada","Rogers Communications Inc, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rogers Communications Inc,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127050"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rogers Communications Inc, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127050"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8099014759063721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.7714911103248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.6857298016548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6416921019554138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slicing","display_name":"Slicing","score":0.4880189001560211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.48681968450546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.46394702792167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4550217092037201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.45400524139404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24075156450271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8099014759063721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.7714911103248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.6857298016548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6416921019554138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776190703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488148","display_name":"Slicing","level":2,"score":0.4880189001560211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.48681968450546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.46394702792167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4550217092037201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.45400524139404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24075156450271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms56928.2023.10154267","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms56928.2023.10154267","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2023-2023 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1771410628","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2804791273","https://openalex.org/W2887715205","https://openalex.org/W2900804979","https://openalex.org/W2902656632","https://openalex.org/W2957441701","https://openalex.org/W2963488732","https://openalex.org/W3002189898","https://openalex.org/W3007553593","https://openalex.org/W3045575849","https://openalex.org/W3110506085","https://openalex.org/W3176452384","https://openalex.org/W3189576409","https://openalex.org/W3206584591","https://openalex.org/W3208092684","https://openalex.org/W4286849979","https://openalex.org/W4293545785","https://openalex.org/W4296412301","https://openalex.org/W6638018090","https://openalex.org/W6753859785"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393746923","https://openalex.org/W2972496411","https://openalex.org/W3033662781","https://openalex.org/W4239223006","https://openalex.org/W2360869927","https://openalex.org/W2768698792","https://openalex.org/W4287966854","https://openalex.org/W32109103","https://openalex.org/W2171634548","https://openalex.org/W2076952529"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"slicing":[1],"is":[2,32,69,84,99,131,220],"a":[3,70,87,93,201],"key":[4],"enabler":[5],"for":[6,108],"5G":[7,36],"to":[8,139,157,164,177],"support":[9],"various":[10,165],"applications.":[11],"Slices":[12],"requested":[13],"by":[14],"service":[15,22],"providers":[16],"(SPs)":[17],"have":[18],"heterogeneous":[19],"quality":[20],"of":[21,44,125,145],"(QoS)":[23],"requirements,":[24],"such":[25,51,206],"as":[26,180,182],"latency,":[27],"throughput,":[28],"and":[29,76,105,133,162,226],"jitter.":[30],"It":[31],"imperative":[33],"that":[34,52,98,171,216],"the":[35,41,48,53,60,74,115,123,172,191,197,210,217],"infrastructure":[37],"provider":[38],"(InP)":[39],"allocates":[40],"right":[42],"amount":[43],"resources":[45,112],"depending":[46],"on":[47,186,205],"slice\u2019s":[49,61],"traffic,":[50,207],"specified":[54],"QoS":[55,75,117,137,166,178,198],"levels":[56],"are":[57],"maintained":[58],"during":[59],"lifetime":[62],"while":[63,113,208],"maximizing":[64],"resource":[65,77],"efficiency.":[66],"However,":[67],"there":[68],"non-trivial":[71],"relationship":[72,83],"between":[73],"allocation.":[78],"In":[79,147],"this":[80,82,103],"paper,":[81],"learned":[85],"using":[86,102],"regression-based":[88],"model.":[89],"We":[90],"also":[91],"leverage":[92],"risk-constrained":[94],"reinforcement":[95],"learning":[96],"agent":[97],"trained":[100],"offline":[101],"model":[104],"domain":[106],"randomization":[107],"dynamically":[109],"scaling":[110],"slice":[111],"maintaining":[114],"desired":[116],"level.":[118],"Our":[119],"novel":[120],"approach":[121,195,219],"reduces":[122],"effects":[124],"network":[126,154,224],"modeling":[127],"errors":[128],"since":[129],"it":[130,149],"model-free":[132],"does":[134],"not":[135],"require":[136],"metrics":[138],"be":[140],"mathematically":[141],"formulated":[142],"in":[143],"terms":[144],"traffic.":[146,189],"addition,":[148],"provides":[150],"robustness":[151],"against":[152,222],"uncertain":[153],"conditions,":[155],"generalizes":[156],"different":[158],"real-world":[159],"traffic":[160,228],"patterns,":[161],"caters":[163],"metrics.":[167],"The":[168],"results":[169],"show":[170],"state-of-the-art":[173],"approaches":[174],"can":[175],"lead":[176],"degradation":[179,199],"high":[181],"44.5%":[183],"when":[184],"tested":[185],"previously":[187],"unseen":[188],"On":[190],"other":[192],"hand,":[193],"our":[194],"maintains":[196],"below":[200],"preset":[202],"10%":[203],"threshold":[204],"minimizing":[209],"allocated":[211],"resources.":[212],"Additionally,":[213],"we":[214],"demonstrate":[215],"proposed":[218],"robust":[221],"varying":[223],"conditions":[225],"inaccurate":[227],"predictions.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}