{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2863530293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2018.8406224","title":"Never say never: Authoritative TLD nameserver-powered DNS amplification","display_name":"Never say never: Authoritative TLD nameserver-powered DNS amplification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2863530293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2018.8406224","mag":"2863530293"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms.2018.8406224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2018.8406224","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2018 - 2018 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059647371","display_name":"\u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9193-8517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marios Anagnostopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design, singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design, singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047345306","display_name":"Georgios Kambourakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6348-5031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Kambourakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Information and Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Information and Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091815745","display_name":"Stefanos Gritzalis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8037-2191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefanos Gritzalis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Information and Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Information and Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063936654","display_name":"David K. Y. Yau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9061-7423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David K. Y. Yau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design, singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design, singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5929,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71541044,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6791175603866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.6624401807785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.6084970235824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.5250651240348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5065556764602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5008692741394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.45013678073883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.19025975465774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15191251039505005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6791175603866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.6624401807785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6084970235824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.5250651240348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5065556764602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5008692741394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.45013678073883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.19025975465774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15191251039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms.2018.8406224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2018.8406224","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2018 - 2018 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/062c9866-d5a5-473e-8598-58791402604b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/062c9866-d5a5-473e-8598-58791402604b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Anagnostopoulos , M , Kambourakis , G , Gritzalis , S & Yau , D K Y 2018 , Never say never: Authoritative TLD nameserver-powered DNS amplification . in IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium: Cognitive Management in a Cyber World, NOMS 2018 . 2018 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium , Taipei , Taiwan, Province of China , 23/04/2018 . https://doi.org/10.1109/NOMS.2018.8406224","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487260974","https://openalex.org/W1581184532","https://openalex.org/W1859864512","https://openalex.org/W1867219652","https://openalex.org/W1891329316","https://openalex.org/W1927311981","https://openalex.org/W1989454965","https://openalex.org/W2022350629","https://openalex.org/W2028110717","https://openalex.org/W2096904130","https://openalex.org/W2116696275","https://openalex.org/W2246778810","https://openalex.org/W2486321770","https://openalex.org/W6634965539","https://openalex.org/W6677547120"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378749186","https://openalex.org/W2765763546","https://openalex.org/W2364088131","https://openalex.org/W4386482731","https://openalex.org/W4385302085","https://openalex.org/W2360429410","https://openalex.org/W4390188535","https://openalex.org/W2362741838","https://openalex.org/W4256682929","https://openalex.org/W2006319822"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"DNS":[0,72,147],"amplification":[1,73,94],"attack":[2],"is":[3,41],"a":[4,52,77,153,173,206],"significant":[5,207],"and":[6,109,142,169,201],"persistent":[7],"threat":[8],"to":[9,65,102,106],"the":[10,20,34,49,60,88,93,115,121,129,139,145,150,162,179,186,198,215],"Internet.":[11],"Authoritative":[12],"name":[13],"servers":[14,99],"(ANSes)":[15],"of":[16,37,51,62,79,87,117,120,138,144,161,181,190,209],"popular":[17],"domains,":[18],"especially":[19],"DNSSEC-enabled":[21],"ones,":[22],"give":[23],"attractive":[24],"leverage":[25],"for":[26,128,149,185],"attackers":[27,103],"in":[28,48,71,188],"distributed":[29],"denial-of-service":[30],"(DDoS)":[31],"attacks.":[32,74],"Particularly,":[33],"ANS":[35],"list":[36],"top-level":[38],"domains":[39],"(TLD)":[40],"publicly":[42],"accessible,":[43],"including":[44],"by":[45,172],"would-be":[46],"attackers,":[47],"form":[50],"root.zone":[53,89],"file.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56],"work,":[57],"we":[58,91,113],"examine":[59],"potential":[61],"TLD":[63],"ANSes":[64,141,164,184,210],"be":[66],"exploited":[67],"as":[68,193],"unknowing":[69],"agents":[70],"Specifically,":[75],"over":[76],"period":[78],"12":[80],"months":[81],"that":[82,97,135,156,175,211],"covers":[83],"two":[84],"different":[85],"versions":[86],"file,":[90],"assess":[92],"factor":[95,174],"(AF)":[96],"these":[98],"may":[100],"provide":[101],"when":[104],"replying":[105],"both":[107],"individual":[108],"multiple":[110],"queries.":[111],"Also,":[112],"measure":[114],"degree":[116],"actual":[118],"adoption":[119],"recommended":[122],"response":[123],"rate":[124],"limiting":[125],"(RRL)":[126],"countermeasure":[127],"ANSes.":[130],"Our":[131],"major":[132],"findings":[133],"are":[134],"(i)":[136],"70%":[137],"distinct":[140,163],"47%":[143],"possible":[146],"queries":[148],"TLDs":[151],"produce":[152],"large":[154],"AF":[155],"exceeds":[157,176],"60,":[158],"(ii)":[159],"10%":[160],"reflect":[165],"inbound":[166],"network":[167],"traffic":[168],"magnify":[170],"it":[171,219],"50,":[177],"(iii)":[178],"number":[180,208],"most":[182],"useful":[183],"attacker,":[187],"terms":[189],"their":[191],"role":[192],"amplifiers,":[194],"appears":[195],"increasing":[196],"during":[197],"monitoring":[199],"period,":[200],"(iv)":[202],"there":[203],"still":[204],"exists":[205],"do":[212],"not":[213],"implement":[214],"RRL":[216],"or":[217],"leave":[218],"inactive.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}