{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2801435620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2018.8406218","title":"Fingerprinting encrypted network traffic types using machine learning","display_name":"Fingerprinting encrypted network traffic types using machine learning","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2801435620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2018.8406218","mag":"2801435620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms.2018.8406218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2018.8406218","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2018 - 2018 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8559975/file/8559977.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026245125","display_name":"Sam Leroux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3792-5026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Leroux","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020261747","display_name":"Steven Bohez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Bohez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047276342","display_name":"Pieter\u2010Jan Maenhaut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9385-8000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pieter-Jan Maenhaut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048055689","display_name":"Nathan Meheus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Meheus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001314520","display_name":"Pieter Simoens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9569-9373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pieter Simoens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032558375","display_name":"Bart Dhoedt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7271-7479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bart Dhoedt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8420335650444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.8348108530044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.614981472492218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.58847576379776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.5413150787353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5355247259140015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipsec","display_name":"IPsec","score":0.5315696001052856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-traffic","display_name":"Internet traffic","score":0.43548041582107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.42676061391830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-stream-mining","display_name":"Data stream mining","score":0.4197431802749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.25917303562164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2540155053138733}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8420335650444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.8348108530044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.614981472492218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.58847576379776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5413150787353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5355247259140015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67396069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210214","display_name":"IPsec","level":3,"score":0.5315696001052856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63969886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536440","display_name":"Internet traffic","level":3,"score":0.43548041582107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.42676061391830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89198739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079880","display_name":"Data stream mining","level":2,"score":0.4197431802749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.25917303562164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2540155053138733}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms.2018.8406218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2018.8406218","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2018 - 2018 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:8559975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8559975","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8559975/file/8559977.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:8559975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8559975","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8559975/file/8559977.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321732","display_name":"Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie","ror":"https://ror.org/01antkr91"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2801435620.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2801435620.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179179905","https://openalex.org/W1489537150","https://openalex.org/W1521553548","https://openalex.org/W1608222975","https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W1820393415","https://openalex.org/W1849161695","https://openalex.org/W1930624869","https://openalex.org/W2008279017","https://openalex.org/W2011628134","https://openalex.org/W2021949962","https://openalex.org/W2067839261","https://openalex.org/W2135088779","https://openalex.org/W2170085959","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2963655955","https://openalex.org/W4242841269","https://openalex.org/W4301866626","https://openalex.org/W6607259140","https://openalex.org/W6631453533","https://openalex.org/W6636391385","https://openalex.org/W6639048092"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2547456248","https://openalex.org/W4312241727","https://openalex.org/W4384946034","https://openalex.org/W3036573907","https://openalex.org/W2554395890","https://openalex.org/W2567120387","https://openalex.org/W2152125195","https://openalex.org/W2182343390","https://openalex.org/W2027016628","https://openalex.org/W4205292708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0],"applications":[1],"rely":[2],"on":[3,45,81,99],"strong":[4],"encryption":[5,19],"techniques":[6],"to":[7,27,42,92,108],"protect":[8],"the":[9,29,39,46,69,85],"content":[10],"of":[11,48,71,102,118,121],"all":[12],"communications":[13],"between":[14],"client":[15],"and":[16],"server.":[17],"These":[18],"algorithms":[20],"ensure":[21],"that":[22,50,58,97],"third":[23],"parties":[24],"are":[25,51],"unable":[26],"obtain":[28],"plain":[30],"text":[31],"data":[32],"but":[33],"also":[34],"make":[35],"it":[36,106],"hard":[37],"for":[38,114],"network":[40],"administrator":[41],"enforce":[43],"restrictions":[44],"types":[47],"traffic":[49,72],"allowed.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"paper":[55],"we":[56,59],"show":[57],"can":[60,67],"train":[61],"accurate":[62],"machine":[63,94],"learning":[64,95],"models":[65,96],"which":[66],"predict":[68],"type":[70],"going":[73],"through":[74],"an":[75],"IPsec":[76],"or":[77],"TOR":[78],"tunnel":[79],"based":[80],"features":[82],"extracted":[83],"from":[84],"encrypted":[86],"streams.":[87],"We":[88],"use":[89,109],"small,":[90],"fast":[91],"execute":[93],"work":[98],"small":[100],"windows":[101],"data.":[103],"This":[104],"makes":[105],"possible":[107],"our":[110],"approach":[111],"in":[112],"real-time,":[113],"example":[115],"as":[116],"part":[117],"a":[119],"Quality":[120],"Service":[122],"(QoS)":[123],"system.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}