{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2464966933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2016.7502824","title":"Apples, oranges and hosting providers: Heterogeneity and security in the hosting market","display_name":"Apples, oranges and hosting providers: Heterogeneity and security in the hosting market","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2464966933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2016.7502824","mag":"2464966933"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms.2016.7502824","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2016.7502824","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2016 - 2016 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019071393","display_name":"Samaneh Tajalizadehkhoob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0359-2478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samaneh Tajalizadehkhoob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011939731","display_name":"Maciej Korczy\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4334-3260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maciej Korczynski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041054175","display_name":"Arman Noroozian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arman Noroozian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048211807","display_name":"Carlos Ga\u00f1\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4699-3007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Ganan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012946294","display_name":"Michel van Eeten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0338-2812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michel van Eeten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019071393"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.2791,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98259327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"289","last_page":"297"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-provider","display_name":"Service provider","score":0.5467435717582703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.44094669818878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consolidation","display_name":"Consolidation (business)","score":0.4215690493583679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4013078510761261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36484983563423157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.19376835227012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.1701907217502594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.15367862582206726}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.5467435717582703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.44094669818878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776014549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3050847","display_name":"Consolidation (business)","level":2,"score":0.4215690493583679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4013078510761261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36484983563423157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.19376835227012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.1701907217502594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.15367862582206726}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms.2016.7502824","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2016.7502824","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NOMS 2016 - 2016 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W181628467","https://openalex.org/W1485337887","https://openalex.org/W1528220385","https://openalex.org/W1540089290","https://openalex.org/W1809422330","https://openalex.org/W1901542899","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W1979300931","https://openalex.org/W1984918390","https://openalex.org/W2011832962","https://openalex.org/W2015718205","https://openalex.org/W2034505280","https://openalex.org/W2100765095","https://openalex.org/W2135945534","https://openalex.org/W2149701633","https://openalex.org/W2161020477","https://openalex.org/W2183923083","https://openalex.org/W2187668060","https://openalex.org/W2201060334","https://openalex.org/W2405780168","https://openalex.org/W2564812877","https://openalex.org/W2583531105","https://openalex.org/W2775611685","https://openalex.org/W2951975355","https://openalex.org/W2995395573","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4293241248","https://openalex.org/W4366131622","https://openalex.org/W6631598545","https://openalex.org/W6686408092","https://openalex.org/W6687974304","https://openalex.org/W6713502903","https://openalex.org/W6730567717","https://openalex.org/W6746431124","https://openalex.org/W6851551162"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4389734400","https://openalex.org/W2047240100","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W3121414111","https://openalex.org/W1543536610","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hosting":[0],"services":[1,85],"are":[2,124],"associated":[3,125],"with":[4,27,47,126],"various":[5],"security":[6,17,130,149],"threats,":[7],"yet":[8],"the":[9,31,36,80,117,135,142,153,156],"market":[10,118,157],"has":[11,19],"barely":[12],"been":[13],"studied":[14],"empirically.":[15],"Most":[16],"research":[18],"relied":[20],"on":[21,96],"routing":[22],"data":[23,46,49],"and":[24,33,53,110],"equates":[25],"providers":[26,52],"Autonomous":[28],"Systems,":[29],"ignoring":[30],"complexity":[32],"heterogeneity":[34,154],"of":[35,55,70,90,100,107,113,116,137,155],"market.":[37],"To":[38],"overcome":[39],"these":[40],"limitations,":[41],"we":[42],"combined":[43],"passive":[44],"DNS":[45],"WHOIS":[48],"to":[50,88,151],"identify":[51],"some":[54],"their":[56],"properties.":[57],"We":[58,92],"found":[59],"45,434":[60],"hosting":[61],"providers,":[62],"spread":[63],"around":[64],"a":[65,104],"median":[66],"address":[67],"space":[68],"size":[69],"1,517":[71],"IP":[72],"addresses.":[73],"There":[74],"is":[75],"surprisingly":[76],"little":[77],"consolidation":[78],"in":[79,129],"market,":[81],"even":[82],"though":[83],"its":[84],"seem":[86],"amenable":[87],"economies":[89],"scale.":[91],"applied":[93],"cluster":[94],"analysis":[95],"several":[97],"measurable":[98],"characteristics":[99],"providers.":[101],"This":[102,140],"uncovered":[103],"diverse":[105],"set":[106],"business":[108],"profiles":[109,123],"an":[111,145],"indication":[112],"what":[114],"fraction":[115],"fits":[119],"each":[120],"profile.":[121],"The":[122],"significant":[127],"differences":[128],"performance,":[131],"as":[132],"measured":[133],"by":[134],"uptime":[136],"phishing":[138],"sites.":[139],"suggests":[141],"approach":[143],"provides":[144],"effective":[146],"way":[147],"for":[148],"researchers":[150],"take":[152],"into":[158],"account.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
