{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2036016398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2012.6211920","title":"Efficient verification of IT change operations or: How we could have prevented Amazon's cloud outage","display_name":"Efficient verification of IT change operations or: How we could have prevented Amazon's cloud outage","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2036016398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2012.6211920","mag":"2036016398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms.2012.6211920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2012.6211920","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077919859","display_name":"Stephen Hagen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8218-4610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Hagen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Garching, Germany","Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Computer Science, 85748 Garching, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Computer Science, 85748 Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008178784","display_name":"Michael Seibold","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Seibold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Garching, Germany","Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Computer Science, 85748 Garching, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Computer Science, 85748 Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105815320","display_name":"A. Kemper","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Kemper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Garching, Germany","Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Computer Science, 85748 Garching, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Computer Science, 85748 Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9811,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91431292,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"368","last_page":"376"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unavailability","display_name":"Unavailability","score":0.8205843567848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7213133573532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/router","display_name":"Router","score":0.6964327096939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5683882236480713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5635395646095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4957212209701538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amazon-rainforest","display_name":"Amazon rainforest","score":0.4798557162284851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.45703139901161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3641771674156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.23716092109680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.18482741713523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18079069256782532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1563231348991394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780505938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093282","display_name":"Unavailability","level":2,"score":0.8205843567848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7213133573532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775896111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642560","display_name":"Router","level":2,"score":0.6964327096939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5683882236480713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5635395646095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4957212209701538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535291247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177567","display_name":"Amazon rainforest","level":2,"score":0.4798557162284851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.45703139901161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3641771674156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.23716092109680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.18482741713523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18079069256782532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1563231348991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/noms.2012.6211920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2012.6211920","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W197872740","https://openalex.org/W1559977364","https://openalex.org/W1988616825","https://openalex.org/W1994757844","https://openalex.org/W2011088645","https://openalex.org/W2044627342","https://openalex.org/W2053309337","https://openalex.org/W2062985851","https://openalex.org/W2114034463","https://openalex.org/W2114416525","https://openalex.org/W2118469209","https://openalex.org/W2133775683","https://openalex.org/W2153463624","https://openalex.org/W2156342619","https://openalex.org/W2164192675","https://openalex.org/W2168148668","https://openalex.org/W2171798962","https://openalex.org/W4233437702","https://openalex.org/W4254811939","https://openalex.org/W6633423498","https://openalex.org/W6682718903"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127180614","https://openalex.org/W4235531327","https://openalex.org/W1603115038","https://openalex.org/W1964344619","https://openalex.org/W2163233359","https://openalex.org/W4249446840","https://openalex.org/W2097998432","https://openalex.org/W4238466892","https://openalex.org/W2177095534","https://openalex.org/W2152234461"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"On":[0],"April":[1],"21st,":[2],"2011,":[3],"a":[4,38,41,46,55,131],"major":[5],"outage":[6,28],"occurred":[7],"in":[8,106,123],"Amazon's":[9,118,156],"US":[10],"east":[11],"coast":[12],"data":[13,81],"center":[14],"which":[15],"led":[16],"to":[17,33,40,44,66,75,91,136,147,170],"significant":[18],"disruptions":[19],"on":[20,117],"customer":[21],"services.":[22],"The":[23,49,142],"root":[24],"cause":[25,130],"of":[26,83,113,172],"the":[27,63,107,111,164],"was":[29,51,57],"an":[30,87],"IT":[31,95,114,173],"change":[32,50,96],"route":[34],"traffic":[35,64],"off":[36],"from":[37],"router":[39,43,56],"redundant":[42],"conduct":[45],"network":[47,70,103,132,157],"upgrade.":[48],"wrongly":[52],"executed":[53],"as":[54,102],"picked":[58],"that":[59,129],"could":[60],"not":[61],"handle":[62],"due":[65],"capacity":[67,104],"constraints.":[68,177],"Consequently,":[69],"outages":[71],"occurred,":[72],"finally":[73],"leading":[74],"unavailability,":[76],"temporary,":[77],"and":[78,98,125,150,167,175],"even":[79],"durable":[80],"loss":[82],"customers.":[84],"We":[85],"propose":[86],"object-oriented":[88],"verification":[89,108,143],"technique":[90],"detect":[92],"conflicts":[93],"among":[94],"operations":[97],"safety":[99,176],"constraints,":[100,105],"such":[101],"phase":[109],"before":[110],"execution":[112],"changes.":[115],"Based":[116],"incident":[119],"report":[120],"different":[121],"scenarios":[122],"static":[124],"dynamic":[126],"routing":[127],"environments":[128],"overload":[133,158],"are":[134],"shown":[135],"be":[137,148],"detectable":[138],"by":[139],"logical":[140],"verification.":[141],"algorithm":[144],"is":[145],"proven":[146],"sound":[149],"has":[151],"linear":[152],"runtime":[153],"complexity":[154],"for":[155],"scenarios.":[159],"A":[160],"performance":[161],"analysis":[162],"confirms":[163],"theoretical":[165],"results":[166],"promises":[168],"scalability":[169],"thousands":[171],"changes":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}