{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415934024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nof66640.2025.11223328","title":"A Software Architecture for Seamless Simulated to Real Testbed Transition for O-RAN AI","display_name":"A Software Architecture for Seamless Simulated to Real Testbed Transition for O-RAN AI","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415934024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nof66640.2025.11223328"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/nof66640.2025.11223328","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nof66640.2025.11223328","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 16th International Conference on Network of the Future (NoF)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1035710","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101448495","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds Herrera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1688-3704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. L. Herrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Distributed Systems Group, TU Wien,Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distributed Systems Group, TU Wien,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092470728","display_name":"Neco Villegas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5346-2308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13134134","display_name":"Universidad de Cantabria","ror":"https://ror.org/046ffzj20","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13134134"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Villegas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad de Cantabria,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de Cantabria,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13134134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101542542","display_name":"Luis D\u00edez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5817-3308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13134134","display_name":"Universidad de Cantabria","ror":"https://ror.org/046ffzj20","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13134134"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Diez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad de Cantabria,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de Cantabria,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13134134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040887872","display_name":"Domenico Scotece","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-197X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Scotece","raw_affiliation_strings":["Università di Bologna,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Università di Bologna,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073919193","display_name":"Luca Foschini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9062-3647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Foschini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Università di Bologna,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Università di Bologna,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044220538","display_name":"Ram\u00f3n Ag\u00fcero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9620-3990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13134134","display_name":"Universidad de Cantabria","ror":"https://ror.org/046ffzj20","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13134134"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Ag\u00fcero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad de Cantabria,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de Cantabria,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13134134"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38815838,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"151","last_page":"158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.8147000074386597,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.8147000074386597,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.052299998700618744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.018200000748038292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.7700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5131999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-architecture","display_name":"Network architecture","score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-architecture","display_name":"Software architecture","score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-architecture","display_name":"Open architecture","score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-access-network","display_name":"Radio access network","score":0.33660000562667847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.7700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.664900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5131999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35869016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846636","display_name":"Software architecture","level":3,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123326733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318309","display_name":"Open architecture","level":3,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106365562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078360","display_name":"Radio access network","level":4,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108383078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7096399","display_name":"Open platform","level":3,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51675839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665681","display_name":"Intelligent Network","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77270119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655198","display_name":"Software-defined networking","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129763632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454667","display_name":"Network management","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62793504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228327","display_name":"Access network","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227230","display_name":"Data access","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179618828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478119","display_name":"Self-organizing network","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192220659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1245659","display_name":"Universal Software Radio Peripheral","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139940560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290036","display_name":"Network simulation","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137703981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692093","display_name":"Agent architecture","level":3,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67936045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q681263","display_name":"Open standard","level":3,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74072328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142726","display_name":"Intelligent agent","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/nof66640.2025.11223328","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nof66640.2025.11223328","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 16th International Conference on Network of the Future (NoF)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.unican.es:10902/39363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10902/39363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400398","display_name":"UCrea (University of Cantabria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I13134134","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Cantabria","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13134134"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"16th International Conference on Network of the Future (NoF), Montreal, QC, Canada, 151-158","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1035710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1035710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1035710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1035710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2755172995","https://openalex.org/W2890483234","https://openalex.org/W2900804979","https://openalex.org/W2920601624","https://openalex.org/W2945712931","https://openalex.org/W2962751949","https://openalex.org/W3028002358","https://openalex.org/W3033870971","https://openalex.org/W3122789033","https://openalex.org/W3168768468","https://openalex.org/W4285243919","https://openalex.org/W4317796310","https://openalex.org/W4399255076","https://openalex.org/W4402157972"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"interest":[2],"in":[3,26,56,76,88,104,186,191],"leveraging":[4],"the":[5,14,57,60,99,112,135,143,157,170,177],"potential":[6],"of":[7,59,102,134,172,200],"open":[8],"interfaces":[9],"and":[10,28,45,62,74,96,98,127,161,174,184],"standards":[11],"brought":[12],"forth":[13],"Open":[15,158],"Radio":[16,30],"Access":[17,31],"Network":[18],"(O-RAN)":[19],"specifications,":[20],"which":[21,195],"are":[22,130,181],"becoming":[23],"increasingly":[24],"relevant":[25],"5G":[27,44],"6G":[29,46],"Networks":[32],"(RANs).":[33],"Amongst":[34],"other":[35],"features,":[36],"O-RAN":[37,113],"is":[38,189],"expected":[39],"to":[40,43,70,84,119,141,147,168],"bring":[41],"intelligence":[42],"networks":[47],"by":[48],"enabling":[49],"native":[50],"support":[51],"for":[52],"Artificial":[53],"Intelligence":[54],"(AI)":[55],"management":[58],"RAN":[61],"its":[63],"control":[64],"plane.":[65],"However,":[66],"AI":[67,103,117,178],"modules":[68,118,179],"need":[69],"be":[71,120],"previously":[72],"trained":[73],"evaluated":[75,190],"simulated":[77],"or":[78],"emulated":[79],"network":[80,106],"testbeds":[81],"as":[82],"not":[83],"negatively":[85],"affect":[86],"users":[87],"real":[89,105,148],"RANs.":[90],"This":[91],"separation":[92],"between":[93],"initial":[94],"training":[95,208],"evaluation":[97],"final":[100],"usage":[101],"deployments":[107],"brings":[108],"many":[109],"challenges:":[110],"while":[111],"specification":[114],"expects":[115],"these":[116],"reusable":[121],"across":[122],"RANs,":[123],"their":[124],"interfaces,":[125],"timing,":[126],"data":[128],"models":[129],"coupled":[131],"with":[132,209],"those":[133],"RAN,":[136],"requiring":[137],"significant":[138],"re-development":[139],"effort":[140],"make":[142],"transition":[144],"from":[145,176],"simulation":[146],"usage.":[149],"To":[150],"address":[151],"this":[152,154],"challenge,":[153],"work":[155],"proposes":[156],"Intelligent":[159],"Interfaces":[160],"Infrastructure":[162],"Architecture":[163],"(OI3A),":[164],"a":[165,192,197],"software":[166],"architecture":[167],"decouple":[169],"specifics":[171],"RANs":[173],"simulators":[175],"that":[180],"trained,":[182],"evaluated,":[183],"used":[185],"them.":[187],"OI3A":[188],"realistic":[193],"proof-of-concept,":[194],"considers":[196],"use":[198],"case":[199],"Deep":[201],"Reinforcement":[202],"Learning-driven":[203],"MAC":[204],"scheduling,":[205],"allowing":[206],"online":[207],"minimal":[210],"overhead.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-11-05T00:00:00"}