{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415933956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nof66640.2025.11223309","title":"Scaling Millions to Billions: CaieFinder\u2019s Journey from Monolith to Microservices to Serverless","display_name":"Scaling Millions to Billions: CaieFinder\u2019s Journey from Monolith to Microservices to Serverless","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415933956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nof66640.2025.11223309"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/nof66640.2025.11223309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nof66640.2025.11223309","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 16th International Conference on Network of the Future (NoF)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000307409","display_name":"Ridwan Arefin Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4731-5435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ridwan Arefin Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University,School of Computer Science,Montreal,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University,School of Computer Science,Montreal,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054256777","display_name":"Salekul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7262-0060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157386601","display_name":"North South University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wdbfp45","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salekul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["North South University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Bashundhara, Dhaka,Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North South University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Bashundhara, Dhaka,Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044164538","display_name":"Md. Tarek Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3808-6984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63169043","display_name":"United International University","ror":"https://ror.org/01tqv1p28","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63169043"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Tarek Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["United International University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Dhaka,Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United International University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Dhaka,Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63169043"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114208950","display_name":"Md. Saddam Hossain Mukta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63548447","display_name":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0208vgz68","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Saddam Hossain Mukta","raw_affiliation_strings":["LUT University,LUT School of Engineering Sciences,Lappeenranta,Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LUT University,LUT School of Engineering Sciences,Lappeenranta,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000307409"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40324684,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"96","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.8648999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.8648999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.0706000030040741,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.017100000753998756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microservices","display_name":"Microservices","score":0.9438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orchestration","display_name":"Orchestration","score":0.5733000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.5300999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.3882000148296356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778505942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18344624","display_name":"Microservices","level":3,"score":0.9438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6708999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.5733000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.5300999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4609000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.45980000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65813073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622420","display_name":"High availability","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105446022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445962","display_name":"Legacy system","level":3,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32833848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115054","display_name":"Extensibility","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779628075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1253258","display_name":"Downgrade","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112904061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077480","display_name":"Hypervisor","level":4,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/nof66640.2025.11223309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nof66640.2025.11223309","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 16th International Conference on Network of the Future (NoF)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3039510306","https://openalex.org/W4281718197","https://openalex.org/W4288086187","https://openalex.org/W4381803634","https://openalex.org/W4390905777","https://openalex.org/W4391069649","https://openalex.org/W4391755918","https://openalex.org/W4392699390","https://openalex.org/W4399560821","https://openalex.org/W4408844874","https://openalex.org/W4411111539"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rapid":[0],"global":[1,116],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,20,32,70,164],"applications":[4],"requires":[5],"robust":[6],"architectural":[7,18],"designs":[8],"for":[9,25,67],"scalability,":[10],"latency,":[11,153],"and":[12,29,90,97,111,130,142,155,162],"cost-efficiency.":[13],"This":[14],"paper":[15],"presents":[16],"the":[17,26,160],"transformation":[19],"CaieFinder,":[21],"a":[22,39,52,57,81,104],"search":[23],"engine":[24],"past":[27],"papers":[28],"mark":[30],"schemes":[31],"Cambridge":[33],"Assessment":[34],"International":[35],"Examinations":[36],"(CAIE),":[37],"from":[38],"monolithic":[40,58],"system":[41],"to":[42,46,80,103,158],"microservices":[43],"and,":[44],"ultimately,":[45],"serverless":[47,105],"infrastructure.":[48],"Initially":[49],"deployed":[50],"on":[51,128],"single":[53],"virtual":[54],"machine":[55],"in":[56],"architecture,":[59,106],"CaieFinder":[60],"faced":[61],"latency":[62],"spikes":[63],"exceeding":[64],"300":[65],"ms":[66],"users":[68],"outside":[69],"Southeast":[71],"Asia":[72],"despite":[73],"serving":[74],"7.51":[75],"million":[76],"monthly":[77],"queries.":[78],"Transitioning":[79],"microservices-based":[82],"architecture":[83],"using":[84],"Kubernetes-orchestrated":[85],"Docker":[86],"containers":[87],"improved":[88],"modularity":[89],"fault":[91,144],"tolerance":[92],"but":[93],"introduced":[94],"orchestration":[95],"overhead":[96],"increased":[98],"operational":[99],"costs.":[100],"Finally,":[101],"migration":[102],"i.e.,":[107],"leveraging":[108],"Function-as-a-Service":[109],"(FaaS)":[110],"edge":[112],"computing,":[113],"significantly":[114],"reduced":[115],"response":[117],"times":[118],"by":[119,135],"$\\mathbf{4":[120],"4":[121],"\\%}(\\mathbf{1":[122],"5":[123],"0":[124],"~":[125],"m":[126],"s}$":[127],"average)":[129],"lowered":[131],"cloud":[132],"computing":[133],"costs":[134],"$9":[136],"\\%$,":[137],"while":[138],"enabling":[139],"granular":[140],"auto-scaling":[141],"superior":[143],"isolation.":[145],"We":[146],"present":[147],"our":[148],"real-world":[149],"deployment":[150],"data,":[151],"including":[152],"cost,":[154],"resource":[156],"utilization,":[157],"demonstrate":[159],"advantages":[161],"trade-offs":[163],"each":[165],"architecture.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-11-05T00:00:00"}