{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2532025623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nlpke.2011.6138168","title":"A head-annotated synchronous context-free grammar for hierarchical phrase-based translation","display_name":"A head-annotated synchronous context-free grammar for hierarchical phrase-based translation","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2532025623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nlpke.2011.6138168","mag":"2532025623"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/nlpke.2011.6138168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nlpke.2011.6138168","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 7th International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005411806","display_name":"Lemao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3804-5768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lemao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101661008","display_name":"Tiejun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-4935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiejun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101063598","display_name":"Chong Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005411806"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33864032,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"51","last_page":"55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8442312479019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.771324634552002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronous-context-free-grammar","display_name":"Synchronous context-free grammar","score":0.716512143611908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase","display_name":"Phrase","score":0.7098483443260193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6839280724525452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.6680240631103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.6555005311965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.6299262046813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.5644848942756653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5319602489471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.5128703117370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4910919666290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.47594380378723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.4400215744972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase-structure-rules","display_name":"Phrase structure rules","score":0.42770177125930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/example-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","score":0.41069674491882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3361133337020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.14609116315841675}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8442312479019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.771324634552002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51802942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662211","display_name":"Synchronous context-free grammar","level":4,"score":0.716512143611908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.7098483443260193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6839280724525452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.6680240631103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6555005311965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6299262046813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.5644848942756653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5319602489471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.5128703117370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4910919666290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.47594380378723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.4400215744972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80877019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7188074","display_name":"Phrase structure rules","level":3,"score":0.42770177125930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.41069674491882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3361133337020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.14609116315841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/nlpke.2011.6138168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nlpke.2011.6138168","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 7th International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1631260214","https://openalex.org/W1973923101","https://openalex.org/W2092654472","https://openalex.org/W2097606805","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2107177224","https://openalex.org/W2111142112","https://openalex.org/W2112900913","https://openalex.org/W2113788796","https://openalex.org/W2114343221","https://openalex.org/W2116316001","https://openalex.org/W2140343992","https://openalex.org/W2146574666","https://openalex.org/W2150378737","https://openalex.org/W2153653739","https://openalex.org/W2154124206","https://openalex.org/W2158388102","https://openalex.org/W2166905217","https://openalex.org/W2168966090","https://openalex.org/W2242975712","https://openalex.org/W2305592425","https://openalex.org/W2437005631","https://openalex.org/W6636811518","https://openalex.org/W6676989195","https://openalex.org/W6677129709","https://openalex.org/W6677556444","https://openalex.org/W6682001319","https://openalex.org/W6682759559","https://openalex.org/W6683509824","https://openalex.org/W6684738949","https://openalex.org/W6690770833","https://openalex.org/W6898505805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036784334","https://openalex.org/W2566847733","https://openalex.org/W2166769824","https://openalex.org/W2012202551","https://openalex.org/W318813979","https://openalex.org/W2163454936","https://openalex.org/W2106477919","https://openalex.org/W1504625892","https://openalex.org/W1600615810","https://openalex.org/W2399815248"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hierarchical":[0],"phrase-based":[1],"translation":[2,36],"is":[3],"a":[4,26],"state-of-":[5],"the-art":[6],"model.":[7,20,37],"However,":[8],"it":[9],"does":[10],"not":[11],"consider":[12],"the":[13,44,57,72],"linguistic":[14,51],"knowledge":[15,52],"deeply":[16],"as":[17],"pure":[18],"syntax-based":[19],"In":[21],"this":[22],"paper,":[23],"we":[24],"propose":[25],"novel":[27],"head-annotated":[28],"synchronous":[29,45],"context-free":[30],"grammar":[31],"for":[32],"hierarchical":[33],"phrase-":[34],"based":[35],"Our":[38],"model":[39],"contains":[40],"several":[41],"nonterminals":[42],"in":[43,59,68],"rules.":[46],"It":[47],"can":[48],"integrate":[49],"some":[50],"from":[53],"head-modifier":[54],"relationships":[55],"of":[56],"words":[58],"source":[60],"language.":[61],"The":[62],"experimental":[63],"results":[64],"obtain":[65],"significant":[66],"improvements":[67],"BLEU":[69],"score":[70],"over":[71],"NIST-05":[73],"task.":[74]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}