{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412537149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/netsoft64993.2025.11080581","title":"Lightweight LLMs for 3GPP Specifications: Fine-Tuning, Retrieval-Augmented Generation and Quantization","display_name":"Lightweight LLMs for 3GPP Specifications: Fine-Tuning, Retrieval-Augmented Generation and Quantization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412537149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/netsoft64993.2025.11080581"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/netsoft64993.2025.11080581","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/netsoft64993.2025.11080581","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 11th International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NetSoft64993.2025.11080581","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119029902","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 De Arimat\u00e9a Passos Lopes J\u00fanior","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181391015","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wffgt70","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148978","display_name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas da Unicamp","ror":"https://ror.org/05g89bp20","country_code":"BR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148978"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 De Arimat\u00e9a Passos Lopes J\u00fanior","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unicamp,Campinas,Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unicamp,Campinas,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181391015","https://openalex.org/I4210148978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035571297","display_name":"Jayr Pereira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-438X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090750","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Cariri","ror":"https://ror.org/00a4xxf76","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090750"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayr Pereira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Cariri,Juazeiro do Norte,Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Cariri,Juazeiro do Norte,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046393559","display_name":"Diedre Carmo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5922-9120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181391015","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wffgt70","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148978","display_name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas da Unicamp","ror":"https://ror.org/05g89bp20","country_code":"BR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148978"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diedre Santos Do Carmo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unicamp,Campinas,Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unicamp,Campinas,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181391015","https://openalex.org/I4210148978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087970571","display_name":"Roberto Lotufo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5652-0852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181391015","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wffgt70","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148978","display_name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas da Unicamp","ror":"https://ror.org/05g89bp20","country_code":"BR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148978"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Lotufo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unicamp,Campinas,Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unicamp,Campinas,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181391015","https://openalex.org/I4210148978"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055821345","display_name":"Christian Esteve Rothenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3109-4305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181391015","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wffgt70","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148978","display_name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas da Unicamp","ror":"https://ror.org/05g89bp20","country_code":"BR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148978"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Esteve Rothenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unicamp,Campinas,Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unicamp,Campinas,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181391015","https://openalex.org/I4210148978"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"37","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.9514999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.9514999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9350000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9348999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6388764381408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.6043398380279541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20685869455337524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6388764381408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6043398380279541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20685869455337524}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/netsoft64993.2025.11080581","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/netsoft64993.2025.11080581","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 11th International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:16952597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NetSoft64993.2025.11080581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NetSoft, 2025 IEEE 11th International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft), Budapest, Hungary, 23-27 June 2025","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:16952597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NetSoft64993.2025.11080581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NetSoft, 2025 IEEE 11th International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft), Budapest, Hungary, 23-27 June 2025","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4394945047","https://openalex.org/W4399629579","https://openalex.org/W4400490130","https://openalex.org/W4401609037"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interpreting":[0],"complex":[1],"3GPP":[2,52],"telecommunications":[3,115],"standards":[4],"for":[5,13,114],"question":[6],"and":[7,21,46,72],"answering":[8],"(QA)":[9],"poses":[10],"a":[11,56],"challenge":[12],"general-purpose":[14],"LLMs":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,67,74],"their":[18,26],"specialized":[19],"terminology":[20],"high":[22],"computational":[23],"demands,":[24,91],"limiting":[25],"use":[27],"in":[28],"resourceconstrained":[29],"environments.":[30],"This":[31],"work":[32],"explores":[33],"an":[34],"efficient,":[35],"opensource":[36],"approach":[37,109],"using":[38],"the":[39,47],"TeleQnA":[40],"dataset":[41],"of":[42,50],"10,000":[43],"telecom":[44],"questions":[45],"TSpec-LLM":[48],"repository":[49],"processed":[51],"documents.":[53],"We":[54],"enhance":[55],"lightweight":[57],"Llama":[58],"3.2":[59],"(3B":[60],"parameters)":[61],"model,":[62],"quantized":[63],"from":[64],"16-bit":[65],"precision":[66],"4":[68],"bits,":[69],"through":[70],"finetuning":[71],"RAG":[73],"improve":[75],"accuracy":[76],"without":[77],"heavy":[78],"resource":[79],"reliance.":[80],"Unlike":[81],"prior":[82],"resource-intensive":[83],"or":[84,100,122],"proprietary":[85],"solutions,":[86],"our":[87],"method":[88],"reduces":[89],"memory":[90],"enabling":[92],"deployment":[93],"on":[94],"modest":[95],"hardware":[96],"like":[97],"edge":[98],"devices":[99],"softwarized":[101],"networks.":[102],"Shared":[103],"via":[104],"GitHub":[105],"repositories":[106],"[1],":[107],"this":[108],"advances":[110],"costeffective,":[111],"reproducible":[112],"AI":[113],"QA,":[116],"supporting":[117],"contexts":[118],"where":[119],"budgets,":[120],"computation,":[121],"public":[123],"internet":[124],"access":[125],"are":[126],"limited.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-07-22T00:00:00"}