{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3184969476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/netsoft51509.2021.9492661","title":"Code Augmentation for Detecting Covert Channels Targeting the IPv6 Flow Label","display_name":"Code Augmentation for Detecting Covert Channels Targeting the IPv6 Flow Label","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3184969476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/netsoft51509.2021.9492661","mag":"3184969476"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/netsoft51509.2021.9492661","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/netsoft51509.2021.9492661","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 7th International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082854095","display_name":"Luca Caviglione","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6466-3354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137033","display_name":"Istituto di Matematica Applicata e Tecnologie Informatiche","ror":"https://ror.org/03m0n3c07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141563","display_name":"Institute of Information Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypsgm65","country_code":"BG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210141563"]}],"countries":["BG","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Caviglione","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies,Italy","Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141563"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036413712","display_name":"Marco Zuppelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6932-3199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137033","display_name":"Istituto di Matematica Applicata e Tecnologie Informatiche","ror":"https://ror.org/03m0n3c07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141563","display_name":"Institute of Information Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypsgm65","country_code":"BG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210141563"]}],"countries":["BG","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Zuppelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies,Italy","Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141563"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089469997","display_name":"Wojciech Mazurczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8509-4127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120691247","display_name":"FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen","ror":"https://ror.org/04tkkr536","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]}],"countries":["DE","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wojciech Mazurczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["FernUniversität,Hagen,Germany","Warsaw University of Technology, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FernUniversität,Hagen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warsaw University of Technology, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032016607","display_name":"Andreas Schaffhauser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7578-9294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120691247","display_name":"FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen","ror":"https://ror.org/04tkkr536","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Schaffhauser","raw_affiliation_strings":["FernUniversität,Hagen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FernUniversität,Hagen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001542206","display_name":"Matteo Repetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8478-2633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137033","display_name":"Istituto di Matematica Applicata e Tecnologie Informatiche","ror":"https://ror.org/03m0n3c07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141563","display_name":"Institute of Information Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypsgm65","country_code":"BG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210141563"]}],"countries":["BG","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Repetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies,Italy","Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141563"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"450","last_page":"456"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8089700937271118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipv6","display_name":"IPv6","score":0.7096516489982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6857930421829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.5822799801826477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5810967087745667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4983198642730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4722159206867218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.469956636428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4692670702934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-site-scripting","display_name":"Cross-site scripting","score":0.4552610516548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4425889849662781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.4277513027191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.42737478017807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application-security","display_name":"Web application security","score":0.08705663681030273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.08651599287986755}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8089700937271118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84555802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551624","display_name":"IPv6","level":3,"score":0.7096516489982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6857930421829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.5822799801826477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5810967087745667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4983198642730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4722159206867218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.469956636428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4692670702934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39569185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371199","display_name":"Cross-site scripting","level":5,"score":0.4552610516548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4425889849662781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.4277513027191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.42737478017807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59241245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Web application security","level":4,"score":0.08705663681030273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.08651599287986755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79373723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386275","display_name":"Web development","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/netsoft51509.2021.9492661","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/netsoft51509.2021.9492661","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 7th International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1827189246","https://openalex.org/W1942773482","https://openalex.org/W1981844530","https://openalex.org/W1993704367","https://openalex.org/W2011224223","https://openalex.org/W2060646286","https://openalex.org/W2076003763","https://openalex.org/W2529117343","https://openalex.org/W2559191270","https://openalex.org/W2753365392","https://openalex.org/W2919240745","https://openalex.org/W2963514896","https://openalex.org/W2968388194","https://openalex.org/W2978019044","https://openalex.org/W2981391500","https://openalex.org/W3015830876","https://openalex.org/W3049266245","https://openalex.org/W3103457769","https://openalex.org/W3114468998","https://openalex.org/W3133411111","https://openalex.org/W3137686326","https://openalex.org/W6638644045","https://openalex.org/W6759974347","https://openalex.org/W6787636871"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4366502726","https://openalex.org/W2023038964","https://openalex.org/W2075358766","https://openalex.org/W2981036578","https://openalex.org/W4289527657","https://openalex.org/W2578193553","https://openalex.org/W3127702456","https://openalex.org/W1985998952","https://openalex.org/W2987138895","https://openalex.org/W4312738831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Information":[0],"hiding":[1],"is":[2,91,150],"at":[3],"the":[4,56,59,114,124,132,144,154,158,162,166],"basis":[5],"of":[6,9,46,58,109,174],"a":[7,26,39,81,92,175],"new-wave":[8],"malware":[10],"able":[11],"to":[12,67,70,79,86,99,106,119,152],"elude":[13],"common":[14],"detection":[15,83],"mechanisms":[16],"or":[17,85],"remain":[18],"unnoticed":[19],"for":[20,51,55],"long":[21],"periods.":[22],"To":[23,128],"this":[24],"aim,":[25],"key":[27],"approach":[28,134],"exploits":[29],"network":[30],"covert":[31,121],"channels,":[32],"i.e.,":[33],"abusive":[34],"communication":[35],"paths":[36],"nested":[37],"within":[38],"legitimate":[40],"traffic":[41,140,168],"flow.":[42],"The":[43],"increasing":[44],"diffusion":[45],"IPv6":[47,125],"makes":[48],"it":[49,149],"attractive":[50],"an":[52,171],"attacker,":[53],"especially":[54],"presence":[57],"Flow":[60,126],"Label":[61],"field,":[62],"which":[63],"can":[64],"be":[65],"manipulated":[66],"contain":[68],"up":[69],"20":[71],"secret":[72],"bits":[73],"per":[74],"packet.":[75],"Unfortunately,":[76],"gathering":[77],"data":[78],"implement":[80],"standalone":[82],"mechanism":[84],"support":[87],"third-party":[88],"security":[89],"tools":[90],"poorly":[93],"generalizable":[94],"process":[95],"and":[96,161],"often":[97],"leads":[98],"scalability":[100],"issues.":[101],"This":[102],"paper":[103],"showcases":[104],"how":[105],"take":[107],"advantage":[108],"code":[110],"augmentation":[111],"features":[112],"(i.e.,":[113],"extended":[115],"Berkeley":[116],"Packet":[117],"Filter)":[118],"detect":[120],"channels":[122],"targeting":[123],"Label.":[127],"prove":[129],"its":[130],"effectiveness,":[131],"proposed":[133],"has":[135],"been":[136],"tested":[137],"against":[138],"Internet-wide":[139],"traces":[141],"collected":[142],"in":[143],"wild.":[145],"Results":[146],"indicate":[147],"that":[148],"possible":[151],"spot":[153],"channel":[155],"while":[156],"mitigating":[157],"memory":[159],"footprint":[160],"computational":[163],"burden":[164],"(e.g.,":[165],"processed":[167],"only":[169],"experience":[170],"additional":[172],"delay":[173],"few":[176],"nanoseconds).":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}