{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377089480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123787","title":"Partitioned Temporal Dithering for Efficient Epiretinal Electrical Stimulation","display_name":"Partitioned Temporal Dithering for Efficient Epiretinal Electrical Stimulation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377089480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123787"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123787","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123787","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 11th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040274740","display_name":"Amrith Lotlikar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7448-9431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amrith Lotlikar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071158043","display_name":"Nishal P. Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1275-0381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishal P. Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057336716","display_name":"Alex Gogliettino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-9395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex R. Gogliettino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079817643","display_name":"Ramandeep Vilkhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramandeep Vilkhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060087057","display_name":"Sasidhar Madugula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4519-5249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sasidhar Madugula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072904495","display_name":"Lauren E. Grosberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren Grosberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053189200","display_name":"Pawe\u0142 Hottowy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7592-2195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pawel Hottowy","raw_affiliation_strings":["AGH University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AGH University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066869784","display_name":"Alexander Sher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6655-6456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Sher","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Santa Cruz","University of California, Santa Cruz"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Santa Cruz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Cruz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050976622","display_name":"A. M. Litke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3973-3642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Litke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Santa Cruz","University of California, Santa Cruz"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Santa Cruz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Cruz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026936936","display_name":"E. J. Chichilnisky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5613-0248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E.J. Chichilnisky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036312663","display_name":"Subhasish Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5572-5194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhasish Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040274740"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4621,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58232363,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-implant","display_name":"Retinal implant","score":0.7179758548736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode-array","display_name":"Electrode array","score":0.6585562229156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dither","display_name":"Dither","score":0.6159441471099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.603921115398407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multielectrode-array","display_name":"Multielectrode array","score":0.4578688144683838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulation","display_name":"Stimulation","score":0.4475213587284088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-electrical-stimulation","display_name":"Functional electrical stimulation","score":0.43764322996139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subthreshold-conduction","display_name":"Subthreshold conduction","score":0.43112242221832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retina","display_name":"Retina","score":0.42855218052864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superposition-principle","display_name":"Superposition principle","score":0.42854610085487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-prosthesis","display_name":"Visual prosthesis","score":0.41462475061416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.40649357438087463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.38280999660491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34082385897636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.32461100816726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.2425374984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14780735969543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1439322829246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.14334875345230103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microelectrode","display_name":"Microelectrode","score":0.1285640299320221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11612078547477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.11040124297142029}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158383150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3149439","display_name":"Retinal implant","level":3,"score":0.7179758548736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97562148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357989","display_name":"Electrode array","level":3,"score":0.6585562229156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70451592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376493","display_name":"Dither","level":3,"score":0.6159441471099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.603921115398407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95967509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952355","display_name":"Multielectrode array","level":4,"score":0.4578688144683838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.4475213587284088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777766275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1327643","display_name":"Functional electrical stimulation","level":3,"score":0.43764322996139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156465305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658601","display_name":"Subthreshold conduction","level":4,"score":0.43112242221832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169342","display_name":"Retina","level":2,"score":0.42855218052864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.42854610085487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778560042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q540043","display_name":"Visual prosthesis","level":3,"score":0.41462475061416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.40649357438087463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.38280999660491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34082385897636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32461100816726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2425374984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14780735969543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1439322829246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.14334875345230103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111670793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16979465","display_name":"Microelectrode","level":3,"score":0.1285640299320221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11612078547477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.11040124297142029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9083635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2133535","display_name":"Noise shaping","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123787","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123787","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 11th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2062940092","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1828993","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7747068431","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EY021271","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990485400","https://openalex.org/W2050303910","https://openalex.org/W2085039801","https://openalex.org/W2117151438","https://openalex.org/W2132914434","https://openalex.org/W2155668458","https://openalex.org/W2312817279","https://openalex.org/W2790114632","https://openalex.org/W2945793360","https://openalex.org/W2949350296","https://openalex.org/W2952502476","https://openalex.org/W2976149155","https://openalex.org/W3095078854","https://openalex.org/W3161343553","https://openalex.org/W4226061778","https://openalex.org/W4245474015","https://openalex.org/W6749130576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1637901622","https://openalex.org/W346203360","https://openalex.org/W4233525763","https://openalex.org/W2029856836","https://openalex.org/W2100818332","https://openalex.org/W2040769206","https://openalex.org/W2090597633","https://openalex.org/W2165722503","https://openalex.org/W2027409141","https://openalex.org/W2965952509"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retinal":[0],"implants":[1],"are":[2],"designed":[3],"to":[4,7,29,35,51,83,114,169,173],"restore":[5],"vision":[6],"people":[8],"blinded":[9],"by":[10,13,72,96,146,162],"photoreceptor":[11],"degeneration":[12],"evoking":[14],"spiking":[15],"activity":[16,95],"in":[17,120,177,190,207,222],"surviving":[18],"retinal":[19],"ganglion":[20],"cells":[21,133,167],"(RGCs)":[22],"and":[23,47,125,151,188],"thus":[24],"conveying":[25],"artificial":[26],"visual":[27,226],"signals":[28],"the":[30,42,45,53,73,92,104,107,130,143,148,155,191,213,223],"brain.":[31],"One":[32],"approach":[33,82],"is":[34,70,110,160],"implant":[36],"a":[37,138,195,199,204,219],"high-density":[38,185],"micro-electrode":[39],"array":[40],"on":[41,103],"surface":[43],"of":[44,57,76,132,142,154,166,225],"retina":[46,193],"apply":[48],"electrical":[49,174],"stimuli":[50],"reproduce":[52],"rich":[54],"spatiotemporal":[55],"patterns":[56],"visually":[58,93],"evoked":[59,94],"RGC":[60],"responses.":[61,78],"However,":[62,106],"this":[63,84],"requires":[64],"stimulation":[65,99,189],"through":[66],"multiple":[67],"electrodes,":[68],"which":[69,176],"complicated":[71],"non-linear":[74],"superposition":[75],"single-electrode":[77],"A":[79],"recently":[80],"published":[81],"problem,":[85],"greedy":[86],"temporal":[87],"dithering":[88],"(GTD),":[89],"optimally":[90],"approximates":[91],"rapidly":[97],"interleaving":[98],"at":[100],"different":[101],"locations":[102],"array.":[105],"GTD":[108,144,208],"algorithm":[109,145],"too":[111],"computationally":[112,139],"demanding":[113],"use":[115],"with":[116,122,129,216],"an":[117],"implantable":[118],"chip":[119],"real-time":[121],"present-day":[123],"hardware,":[124],"it":[126],"scales":[127],"poorly":[128],"number":[131],"addressed.":[134],"Here":[135],"we":[136,202],"present":[137],"efficient":[140,181],"implementation":[141],"exploiting":[147],"fundamental":[149],"anatomical":[150],"morphological":[152],"properties":[153],"underlying":[156],"neural":[157],"circuitry.":[158],"Efficiency":[159],"achieved":[161],"partitioning":[163,214],"distinct":[164],"groups":[165],"according":[168],"their":[170],"overlapping":[171],"sensitivity":[172],"stimulation,":[175],"turn":[178],"allows":[179],"for":[180,198],"parallel":[182],"stimulation.":[183],"Using":[184],"multi-electrode":[186],"recording":[187],"primate":[192],"as":[194],"lab":[196],"prototype":[197],"future":[200],"implant,":[201],"demonstrate":[203],"10-fold":[205],"decrease":[206],"active":[209],"compute":[210],"time":[211],"using":[212],"scheme":[215],"less":[217],"than":[218],"10%":[220],"reduction":[221],"accuracy":[224],"reconstruction.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
