{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2946366192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ner.2019.8717087","title":"Classification of EEG-based Effective Brain Connectivity in Schizophrenia using Deep Neural Networks","display_name":"Classification of EEG-based Effective Brain Connectivity in Schizophrenia using Deep Neural Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2946366192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ner.2019.8717087","mag":"2946366192"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ner.2019.8717087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ner.2019.8717087","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 9th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005417648","display_name":"Chun\u2010Ren Phang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2750-1783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Ren Phang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering & Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering & Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046157434","display_name":"Chee\u2010Ming Ting","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6037-3728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chee-Ming Ting","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering & Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering & Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082278973","display_name":"S. Balqis Samdin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9797-2214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Balqis Samdin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistics Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022587472","display_name":"Hernando Ombao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7020-8091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hernando Ombao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistics Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005417648"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8461,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90777969,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"401","last_page":"406"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6733995676040649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6628045439720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.654631495475769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6400652527809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-belief-network","display_name":"Deep belief network","score":0.48748207092285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connectome","display_name":"Connectome","score":0.48354482650756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48056963086128235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extractor","display_name":"Extractor","score":0.46700701117515564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizophrenia","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","score":0.46300816535949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.42392680048942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-connectivity","display_name":"Functional connectivity","score":0.4028111696243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3540816307067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.23197540640830994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10913470387458801}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6733995676040649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6628045439720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.654631495475769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6400652527809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97385483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16954980","display_name":"Deep belief network","level":3,"score":0.48748207092285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45715564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292103","display_name":"Connectome","level":3,"score":0.48354482650756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48056963086128235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117978034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422192","display_name":"Extractor","level":2,"score":0.46700701117515564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.46300816535949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42392680048942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018011982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316120","display_name":"Functional connectivity","level":2,"score":0.4028111696243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3540816307067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.23197540640830994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10913470387458801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ner.2019.8717087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ner.2019.8717087","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 9th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/655958","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/655958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44815768","https://openalex.org/W1457602677","https://openalex.org/W1509285273","https://openalex.org/W1972498024","https://openalex.org/W1996379253","https://openalex.org/W1996779446","https://openalex.org/W2002952717","https://openalex.org/W2010052203","https://openalex.org/W2011099767","https://openalex.org/W2024256198","https://openalex.org/W2041951497","https://openalex.org/W2067710230","https://openalex.org/W2084009541","https://openalex.org/W2089674775","https://openalex.org/W2092068573","https://openalex.org/W2095060637","https://openalex.org/W2124533904","https://openalex.org/W2136390311","https://openalex.org/W2141724543","https://openalex.org/W2151176951","https://openalex.org/W2159242554","https://openalex.org/W2160598114","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2167822639","https://openalex.org/W2336687820","https://openalex.org/W2431015478","https://openalex.org/W2546687266","https://openalex.org/W2566613935","https://openalex.org/W2774553942","https://openalex.org/W2774646741","https://openalex.org/W3100854855","https://openalex.org/W4387560871","https://openalex.org/W6630558511","https://openalex.org/W6785262761"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043847720","https://openalex.org/W4312963348","https://openalex.org/W3082848404","https://openalex.org/W1979583797","https://openalex.org/W2906214541","https://openalex.org/W4393477281","https://openalex.org/W2347125095","https://openalex.org/W4393909126","https://openalex.org/W4283364990","https://openalex.org/W4394232601"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Disrupted":[0],"functional":[1,29],"connectivity":[2,69],"patterns":[3],"have":[4],"been":[5],"increasingly":[6],"used":[7,66],"as":[8,80,136],"features":[9,151,161],"in":[10,94,109,116],"pattern":[11],"recognition":[12],"algorithms":[13],"to":[14,27,38,119,132,139],"discriminate":[15],"neuropsychiatric":[16],"patients":[17],"from":[18,143],"healthy":[19,120],"subjects.":[20],"Deep":[21],"neural":[22,97],"networks":[23],"(DNNs)":[24],"were":[25],"employed":[26],"fMRI":[28],"network":[30,51,73,107,147],"classification":[31,56,165],"only":[32],"very":[33],"recently":[34],"and":[35,76,104,114,159,172],"its":[36,133],"application":[37],"EEG-based":[39],"connectome":[40],"is":[41],"largely":[42],"unexplored.":[43],"We":[44,65],"propose":[45],"a":[46,84,91,105],"DNN":[47],"with":[48],"deep":[49],"belief":[50],"(DBN)":[52],"architecture":[53],"for":[54,169],"automated":[55],"of":[57,78,96,111,167],"schizophrenia":[58],"(SZ)":[59],"based":[60],"on":[61],"EEG":[62,87],"effective":[63],"connectivity.":[64],"vector-autoregression-based":[67],"directed":[68,102],"(DC),":[70],"graph-theoretical":[71],"complex":[72],"(CN)":[74],"measures":[75],"combination":[77],"both":[79],"input":[81],"features.":[82],"On":[83],"large":[85],"resting-state":[86],"dataset,":[88],"we":[89],"found":[90],"significant":[92],"decrease":[93],"synchronization":[95],"oscillations":[98],"measured":[99],"by":[100],"partial":[101],"coherence,":[103],"reduced":[106],"integration":[108],"terms":[110],"weighted":[112],"degrees":[113],"transitivity":[115],"SZ":[117],"compared":[118],"controls.":[121],"The":[122],"proposed":[123],"DNN-DBN":[124],"significantly":[125],"outperforms":[126],"three":[127],"other":[128],"traditional":[129],"classifiers,":[130],"due":[131],"inherent":[134],"capability":[135],"feature":[137],"extractor":[138],"learn":[140],"hierarchical":[141],"representations":[142],"the":[144,156,170],"aberrant":[145],"brain":[146],"structure.":[148],"Combined":[149],"DC-CN":[150],"gives":[152],"further":[153],"improvement":[154],"over":[155],"raw":[157],"DC":[158],"CN":[160],"alone,":[162],"achieving":[163],"remarkable":[164],"accuracy":[166],"95%":[168],"theta":[171],"beta":[173],"bands.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
