{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2945267304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ner.2019.8716918","title":"Electrode-Skin Impedance Characterization of In-Ear Electrophysiology Accounting for Cerumen and Electrodermal Response","display_name":"Electrode-Skin Impedance Characterization of In-Ear Electrophysiology Accounting for Cerumen and Electrodermal Response","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2945267304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ner.2019.8716918","mag":"2945267304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ner.2019.8716918","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ner.2019.8716918","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 9th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073462253","display_name":"Akshay Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3434-5456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133661","display_name":"La Jolla Bioengineering Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03sgbh608","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133661"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150894","display_name":"Jacobs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmj3x43","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150894"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akshay Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, and Institute for Neural Computation, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, and Institute for Neural Computation, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959","https://openalex.org/I4210133661","https://openalex.org/I4210150894"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002961072","display_name":"Stephen Deiss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0968-5996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133661","display_name":"La Jolla Bioengineering Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03sgbh608","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133661"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150894","display_name":"Jacobs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmj3x43","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150894"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen R. Deiss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, and Institute for Neural Computation, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, and Institute for Neural Computation, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959","https://openalex.org/I4210133661","https://openalex.org/I4210150894"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030667755","display_name":"David Tourtelotte","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121626","display_name":"Signal Processing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/021gzyw51","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121626"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137835","display_name":"Starkey Hearing Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhzgr66","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137835"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Tourtelotte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing Research Department, Starkey, Eden Prairie, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing Research Department, Starkey, Eden Prairie, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121626","https://openalex.org/I4210137835"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006398000","display_name":"Matthew Kleffner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121626","display_name":"Signal Processing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/021gzyw51","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121626"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137835","display_name":"Starkey Hearing Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhzgr66","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137835"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Kleffner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing Research Department, Starkey, Eden Prairie, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing Research Department, Starkey, Eden Prairie, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121626","https://openalex.org/I4210137835"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100375792","display_name":"Tao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2980-6281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121626","display_name":"Signal Processing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/021gzyw51","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121626"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137835","display_name":"Starkey Hearing Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhzgr66","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137835"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing Research Department, Starkey, Eden Prairie, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing Research Department, Starkey, Eden Prairie, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121626","https://openalex.org/I4210137835"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059013717","display_name":"Gert Cauwenberghs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3166-5529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133661","display_name":"La Jolla Bioengineering Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03sgbh608","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133661"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150894","display_name":"Jacobs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmj3x43","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150894"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gert Cauwenberghs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, and Institute for Neural Computation, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, and Institute for Neural Computation, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959","https://openalex.org/I4210133661","https://openalex.org/I4210150894"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"855","last_page":"858"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ear-canal","display_name":"Ear canal","score":0.8201638460159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6235795021057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrophysiology","display_name":"Electrophysiology","score":0.619499146938324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focused-impedance-measurement","display_name":"Focused Impedance Measurement","score":0.6086506247520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-conductance","display_name":"Skin conductance","score":0.5814541578292847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eardrum","display_name":"Eardrum","score":0.5368886590003967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.5174403786659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.5075584650039673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.46114689111709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiology","display_name":"Audiology","score":0.4231884479522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.35559964179992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3117144703865051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.28340864181518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.23398283123970032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2285166084766388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1490609347820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.14439210295677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11105069518089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0967257022857666}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779812621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258328","display_name":"Ear canal","level":2,"score":0.8201638460159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6235795021057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185263204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154774","display_name":"Electrophysiology","level":2,"score":0.619499146938324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172066009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5463955","display_name":"Focused Impedance Measurement","level":3,"score":0.6086506247520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111902132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326834","display_name":"Skin conductance","level":2,"score":0.5814541578292847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781404453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173801","display_name":"Eardrum","level":2,"score":0.5368886590003967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5174403786659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.5075584650039673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.46114689111709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.4231884479522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.35559964179992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3117144703865051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.28340864181518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.23398283123970032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2285166084766388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1490609347820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.14439210295677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11105069518089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0967257022857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ner.2019.8716918","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ner.2019.8716918","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 9th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973744885","https://openalex.org/W1988619913","https://openalex.org/W1990016207","https://openalex.org/W2030674828","https://openalex.org/W2066227468","https://openalex.org/W2087311051","https://openalex.org/W2126390573","https://openalex.org/W2142239365","https://openalex.org/W2519620145","https://openalex.org/W2524158525","https://openalex.org/W2756185653","https://openalex.org/W6727207854"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069878895","https://openalex.org/W2091634200","https://openalex.org/W1999352354","https://openalex.org/W1484484480","https://openalex.org/W2026669202","https://openalex.org/W2099947107","https://openalex.org/W2091254476","https://openalex.org/W2011820705","https://openalex.org/W1971533874","https://openalex.org/W2053364025"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"electroencephalography":[1],"(EEG)":[2],"requires":[3],"placement":[4],"of":[5,61,82,117,123,140,170,173,182],"several":[6],"electrode":[7],"sensors":[8],"on":[9],"the":[10,62,110,114,121,125,131,171],"scalp":[11],"and,":[12],"accompanied":[13],"by":[14],"lead":[15],"wires":[16],"and":[17,29,64,94,180],"bulky":[18],"instrumentation,":[19],"makes":[20],"for":[21,46,85,91],"an":[22],"uncomfortable":[23],"experience.":[24],"Recent":[25],"efforts":[26],"in":[27,57,113,130,151,159,162],"miniaturization":[28],"system":[30],"integration":[31],"have":[32,72],"enabled":[33],"smaller":[34],"systems,":[35],"such":[36],"as":[37],"wearable,":[38],"in-ear":[39,52,87,174,183],"EEG":[40,53,88],"devices":[41],"that":[42,67,89],"are":[43],"gaining":[44],"popularity":[45],"their":[47],"unobtrusive":[48],"form":[49],"factor.":[50],"Although":[51],"has":[54],"been":[55,73],"demonstrated":[56],"recent":[58],"works,":[59],"dynamics":[60,172],"ear":[63,65,115,132],"canal":[66,116,133],"directly":[68],"affect":[69],"electrophysiological":[70],"measurements":[71],"largely":[74],"ignored.":[75],"Here,":[76],"we":[77],"present":[78],"a":[79,149],"quantitative":[80],"analysis":[81],"electrode-skin":[83,152],"impedance":[84,129,161],"drycontact":[86,160],"accounts":[90],"cerumen":[92],"(earwax)":[93],"electrodermal":[95],"(sweat":[96],"gland)":[97],"response.":[98],"Custom":[99],"fitted":[100],"earmolds":[101],"with":[102],"16":[103],"embedded":[104],"electrodes":[105],"were":[106],"developed":[107],"to":[108,147,156,164,177],"map":[109],"skin":[111],"conductance":[112],"3":[118],"subjects.":[119],"In":[120],"presence":[122],"cerumen,":[124],"measured":[126],"average":[127],"dry-contact":[128],"was":[134,144],"86%":[135],"higher":[136],"than":[137],"canals":[138],"removed":[139],"cerumen.":[141],"Electrodermal":[142],"activity":[143],"also":[145],"found":[146],"play":[148],"role":[150],"impedance,":[153],"showing":[154],"up":[155],"25%":[157],"decrease":[158],"response":[163],"tactile":[165],"stimulation.":[166],"The":[167],"better":[168],"understanding":[169],"conditions":[175],"serves":[176],"improve":[178],"consistency":[179],"accuracy":[181],"electrophysiology.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}