{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155103826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ncc68160.2026.11479102","title":"Impact of Physical Channel Impairments and Detector Noise on BB84 Quantum Key Distribution: A Python-Based Simulation Study","display_name":"Impact of Physical Channel Impairments and Detector Noise on BB84 Quantum Key Distribution: A Python-Based Simulation Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155103826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ncc68160.2026.11479102"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ncc68160.2026.11479102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ncc68160.2026.11479102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 National Conference on Communications (NCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134111407","display_name":"Avinash Upadhyay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36090812","display_name":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01fczmh85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avinash Upadhyay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netaji Subhas University of Technology,Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Delhi,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology,Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Delhi,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129498711","display_name":"Shashwat Saxena","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36090812","display_name":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01fczmh85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shashwat Saxena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netaji Subhas University of Technology,Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Delhi,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology,Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Delhi,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049163703","display_name":"Ritu Raj Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8785-6009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36090812","display_name":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01fczmh85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ritu Raj Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netaji Subhas University of Technology,Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Delhi,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology,Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Delhi,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134209533","display_name":"Pravindra Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pravindra Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology,Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Patiala,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology,Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Patiala,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134146115","display_name":"Anand Srivastava","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36090812","display_name":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01fczmh85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anand Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netaji Subhas University of Technology,Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Delhi,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology,Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Delhi,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134101731","display_name":"Vimal Bhatia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vimal Bhatia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Indore,Department of Electrical Engineering,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore,Department of Electrical Engineering,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"262","last_page":"267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.12690000236034393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.12690000236034393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.0632999986410141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.06199999898672104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5856000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5723999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5149000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.4652000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-noise","display_name":"Quantum noise","score":0.4366999864578247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5856000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5723999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5485000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5149000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4860999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.4652000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111996192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269075","display_name":"Quantum noise","level":3,"score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78203541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2566969","display_name":"BB84","level":5,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100675267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371624","display_name":"Background noise","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187612029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17083130","display_name":"Noise floor","level":4,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ncc68160.2026.11479102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ncc68160.2026.11479102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 National Conference on Communications (NCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000224207","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2053144605","https://openalex.org/W2058874525","https://openalex.org/W2063806864","https://openalex.org/W2130789370","https://openalex.org/W2488862766","https://openalex.org/W2573059605","https://openalex.org/W2981786916","https://openalex.org/W3194289915","https://openalex.org/W4295350617","https://openalex.org/W4391991399","https://openalex.org/W4395109601","https://openalex.org/W4410087168","https://openalex.org/W4412454559","https://openalex.org/W4412482213","https://openalex.org/W4416262747"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,181],"absence":[1],"of":[2,14,48,79,128,136,189,197],"real":[3],"single-photon":[4,55],"sources":[5,31],"is":[6,37,72,95,101],"a":[7,45,125,166],"significant":[8,126,175],"limitation":[9],"to":[10,74,97],"the":[11,15,35,76,80,157,161,195],"experimental":[12],"implementation":[13],"BB84":[16,158],"quantum":[17,59],"key":[18,64,208],"distribution":[19],"(QKD)":[20],"protocol.":[21],"When":[22],"substantially":[23],"attenuated":[24],"laser":[25],"pulses":[26],"are":[27,139],"substituted":[28],"for":[29],"ideal":[30],"in":[32,112],"practical":[33,89,187],"systems,":[34],"outcome":[36],"weak":[38],"coherent":[39],"states":[40],"where":[41],"each":[42],"pulse":[43],"has":[44,130],"nonzero":[46],"probability":[47],"having":[49],"multiple":[50],"photons":[51],"rather":[52],"than":[53],"pure":[54],"emission.":[56],"To":[57],"evaluate":[58],"bit":[60],"error":[61],"rate":[62,66],"(QBER),":[63],"generation":[65],"and":[67,82,108,121,149,178,186,201,206],"overall":[68],"system":[69,84,179],"security":[70],"it":[71],"essential":[73],"describe":[75],"exact":[77],"impact":[78,151],"optical":[81,199],"physical":[83,162],"on":[85,133,152,204],"such":[86,115],"pulses.":[87],"This":[88,154],"tradeoff":[90],"presents":[91],"additional":[92],"issues.":[93],"It":[94],"crucial":[96],"understand":[98],"how":[99],"QBER":[100,205],"impacted":[102],"by":[103,164,192],"attenuation,":[104],"loss,":[105],"dispersion,":[106],"depolarisation":[107],"detector":[109],"properties":[110],"particularly":[111],"adversarial":[113],"scenarios":[114],"as":[116],"photon":[117],"number":[118],"splitting":[119],"(PNS)":[120],"beam-splitting":[122],"attacks.":[123],"Although":[124],"amount":[127],"research":[129],"been":[131],"conducted":[132],"algorithmic":[134],"simulations":[135],"BB84,":[137],"there":[138],"few":[140],"complete":[141],"frameworks":[142],"that":[143,170],"can":[144],"physically":[145],"explain":[146],"these":[147],"effects":[148,196],"their":[150],"QBER.":[153],"work":[155],"models":[156],"protocol":[159],"at":[160],"level":[163],"developing":[165],"Python-based":[167],"simulation":[168],"platform":[169],"takes":[171],"into":[172],"account":[173],"all":[174],"channel":[176],"impairments":[177],"inefficiencies.":[180],"framework":[182],"supports":[183],"both":[184],"theoretical":[185],"optimisation":[188],"QKD":[190],"systems":[191],"further":[193],"isolating":[194],"different":[198],"losses":[200],"eavesdropping":[202],"techniques":[203],"secure":[207],"generation.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-04-22T00:00:00"}