{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2949775670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ncc.2019.8732222","title":"Quantum Random Number Generator with One and Two Entropy Sources","display_name":"Quantum Random Number Generator with One and Two Entropy Sources","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2949775670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ncc.2019.8732222","mag":"2949775670"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ncc.2019.8732222","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ncc.2019.8732222","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 National Conference on Communications (NCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044016298","display_name":"Gautam Kumar Shaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3428-6310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gautam Shaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085119049","display_name":"S.R. Sivaram","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.R. Sivaram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059634535","display_name":"Anil Prabhakar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0808-3157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anil Prabhakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044016298"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.14,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55052142,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.8420250415802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.6514973640441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superposition-principle","display_name":"Superposition principle","score":0.6316739320755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.5579901933670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.5565772652626038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5434269905090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.5322855114936829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4491741359233856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherent-states","display_name":"Coherent states","score":0.4270450472831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy-rate","display_name":"Entropy rate","score":0.413308322429657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3631857633590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.35872241854667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.27148836851119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.23612967133522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint-quantum-entropy","display_name":"Joint quantum entropy","score":0.18880698084831238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1562955677509308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.8420250415802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.6514973640441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.6316739320755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.5579901933670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.5565772652626038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5434269905090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.5322855114936829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4491741359233856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152026323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032070","display_name":"Coherent states","level":3,"score":0.4270450472831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125252325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345213","display_name":"Entropy rate","level":4,"score":0.413308322429657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3631857633590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.35872241854667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.27148836851119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.23612967133522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42047476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6269544","display_name":"Joint quantum entropy","level":3,"score":0.18880698084831238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1562955677509308}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ncc.2019.8732222","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ncc.2019.8732222","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 National Conference on Communications (NCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322211","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011021198","https://openalex.org/W2017636475","https://openalex.org/W2041779618","https://openalex.org/W2046914097","https://openalex.org/W2047307840","https://openalex.org/W2078537410","https://openalex.org/W2108019861","https://openalex.org/W2112757707","https://openalex.org/W2120105248","https://openalex.org/W2135328793","https://openalex.org/W2473315843","https://openalex.org/W2507345629","https://openalex.org/W2891590783","https://openalex.org/W2951159855","https://openalex.org/W2972041245","https://openalex.org/W3101869595","https://openalex.org/W3104023655","https://openalex.org/W3104620226","https://openalex.org/W3105120287","https://openalex.org/W3105290871"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2918133212","https://openalex.org/W4280526795","https://openalex.org/W3134921237","https://openalex.org/W2032644301","https://openalex.org/W2344061241","https://openalex.org/W236957874","https://openalex.org/W2026480283","https://openalex.org/W2005418990","https://openalex.org/W157684034","https://openalex.org/W2109259595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"random":[1,25,109,125,138],"number":[2],"generators":[3],"(QRNGs)":[4],"are":[5],"an":[6,44],"integral":[7],"part":[8],"of":[9,39,47,53,56,82,100,108,114,121,136,167],"quantum":[10],"key":[11],"distribution":[12,91],"(QKD)":[13],"systems.":[14],"To":[15],"better":[16],"understand":[17],"the":[18,24,94,97,115,119,130,137,141,165,168],"inherent":[19],"physical":[20,134],"processes,":[21],"we":[22,123],"compare":[23],"numbers":[26,110,126,139],"generated":[27],"by":[28],"two":[29,142,156],"separate":[30],"schemes,":[31],"one":[32,146,154],"is":[33,144,147,155,162],"based":[34,151],"on":[35,63,102],"entropy":[36,48,149,157],"(arrival":[37],"time":[38,55,99],"photons)":[40],"and":[41,92,152,160],"another":[42],"with":[43],"additional":[45],"source":[46,62,87,107,150,158],"(space)":[49],"i.e,":[50],"path":[51],"superposition":[52],"arrival":[54,98],"photons":[57,101],"from":[58],"a":[59,64,89,106],"weak":[60,85],"coherent":[61,86],"gated":[65,103],"InGaAs":[66],"single":[67,148],"photon":[68],"detector.":[69],"Both":[70],"experiments":[71,143],"yield":[72],"bits":[73],"that":[74,111,127],"appear":[75],"random.":[76],"However,":[77],"they":[78],"satisfy":[79],"different":[80,169],"criteria":[81],"randomness.":[83,172],"The":[84,133],"has":[88],"Poissonian":[90],"extracting":[93],"variation":[95],"about":[96],"SPD":[104],"yields":[105],"pass":[112,128],"most":[113],"Dieharder":[116,131],"Tests.":[117],"With":[118],"inclusion":[120],"superposition,":[122],"obtain":[124],"all":[129],"tests.":[132],"origins":[135],"in":[140,164],"different,":[145],"other":[153],"based,":[159],"this":[161],"reflected":[163],"outcomes":[166],"tests":[170],"for":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}