{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1987096921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ncc.2015.7084886","title":"Automatic gender classification using the mel frequency cepstrum of neutral and whispered speech: A comparative study","display_name":"Automatic gender classification using the mel frequency cepstrum of neutral and whispered speech: A comparative study","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1987096921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ncc.2015.7084886","mag":"1987096921"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ncc.2015.7084886","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ncc.2015.7084886","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 Twenty First National Conference on Communications (NCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113010885","display_name":"G. Meenakshi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. Nisha Meenakshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India","Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560 012, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560 012, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046000500","display_name":"Prasanta Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2925-1802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prasanta Kumar Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India","Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560 012, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560 012, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113010885"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8629,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81970955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.7820171117782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cepstrum","display_name":"Cepstrum","score":0.7787318229675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocal-tract","display_name":"Vocal tract","score":0.7391399145126343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mel-frequency-cepstrum","display_name":"Mel-frequency cepstrum","score":0.7049020528793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-envelope","display_name":"Spectral envelope","score":0.5796376466751099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5274287462234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singing","display_name":"Singing","score":0.4254443645477295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3577658534049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.2783527672290802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22963067889213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1439792811870575}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.7820171117782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88485024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054571","display_name":"Cepstrum","level":2,"score":0.7787318229675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47401133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748953","display_name":"Vocal tract","level":2,"score":0.7391399145126343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151989614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q440370","display_name":"Mel-frequency cepstrum","level":3,"score":0.7049020528793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54926389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575188","display_name":"Spectral envelope","level":2,"score":0.5796376466751099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5274287462234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44819458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27939","display_name":"Singing","level":2,"score":0.4254443645477295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3577658534049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2783527672290802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22963067889213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1439792811870575}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ncc.2015.7084886","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ncc.2015.7084886","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 Twenty First National Conference on Communications (NCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W759337373","https://openalex.org/W1973220234","https://openalex.org/W2000667994","https://openalex.org/W2006033171","https://openalex.org/W2008291900","https://openalex.org/W2021512166","https://openalex.org/W2022047569","https://openalex.org/W2031529434","https://openalex.org/W2052844770","https://openalex.org/W2063125572","https://openalex.org/W2074857695","https://openalex.org/W2105339405","https://openalex.org/W2109225367","https://openalex.org/W2135731872","https://openalex.org/W2159089611","https://openalex.org/W2161576138","https://openalex.org/W2162223813","https://openalex.org/W2168966732","https://openalex.org/W6622081734","https://openalex.org/W6685088106"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482212662","https://openalex.org/W2100012411","https://openalex.org/W3162157266","https://openalex.org/W2162084437","https://openalex.org/W1997579527","https://openalex.org/W2102353451","https://openalex.org/W3044927199","https://openalex.org/W2018086531","https://openalex.org/W1980297060","https://openalex.org/W2394579548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"whispered":[1,45,84,115,129,157],"speech":[2,6,46,107,146,158,197],"resembles":[3],"an":[4],"unvoiced":[5],"due":[7],"to":[8,51,200,206,243],"the":[9,16,22,30,34,44,54,58,61,65,68,74,92,101,105,114,140,144,156,161,187,192,195,222,229],"lack":[10],"of":[11,24,60,67,122,176,194],"vocal":[12,35,69],"fold":[13,36],"vibration":[14,37],"unlike":[15],"neutral":[17,55,106,127,145,196],"speech.":[18,56,85,116],"Since":[19],"information":[20,164,220,236],"about":[21],"gender":[23,42,79,218,234],"a":[25,83,120,174,180,238],"speaker":[26,239],"typically":[27],"lies":[28],"in":[29,126,221],"pitch":[31],"resulted":[32],"from":[33,43,53,82,104,113],"(or":[38],"source":[39],"signal),":[40],"identifying":[41],"is":[47,89,165,168,198,217],"more":[48],"challenging":[49],"compared":[50,205],"that":[52,112,139,154,207,215,228],"In":[57],"absence":[59],"pitch,":[62],"we":[63,172],"study":[64],"use":[66,173],"tract":[70],"filter":[71],"captured":[72],"through":[73],"spectral":[75,87,162,223,230],"envelope":[76,88],"for":[77],"automatic":[78],"classification":[80],"(AGC)":[81],"The":[86],"represented":[90],"by":[91,131,179],"Mel":[93],"frequency":[94],"cepstral":[95,182],"coefficients":[96],"(MFCCs).":[97],"We":[98],"also":[99,226],"compare":[100],"AGC":[102,117,141,188],"performance":[103],"using":[108,119,143,155,191,208],"only":[109,160,213],"MFCCs":[110,177],"with":[111],"experiment":[118],"set":[121],"33":[123],"sentences":[124],"spoken":[125],"and":[128,134],"mode":[130],"16":[132],"female":[133],"20":[135],"male":[136],"speakers":[137],"reveals":[138],"accuracy":[142,189],"is,":[147],"on":[148],"average,":[149],"higher":[150],"(4.5%":[151],"absolute)":[152],"than":[153],"when":[159,171,237],"shape":[163,224,231],"used.":[166],"This":[167],"true":[169],"even":[170],"subset":[175],"obtained":[178,190],"forward":[181],"coefficient":[183],"selection":[184],"algorithm.":[185],"However,":[186],"MFCC":[193],"found":[199],"be":[201],"2.83%":[202],"(absolute)":[203],"lower":[204],"pitch.":[209],"These":[210],"findings":[211],"not":[212],"suggest":[214],"there":[216],"specific":[219,235],"but":[225],"indicate":[227],"carries":[232],"less":[233],"whispers":[240],"as":[241],"opposed":[242],"speaking":[244],"normally.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
