{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2566577938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nca.2016.7778636","title":"Safety analysis of Bitcoin improvement proposals","display_name":"Safety analysis of Bitcoin improvement proposals","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2566577938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nca.2016.7778636","mag":"2566577938"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/nca.2016.7778636","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nca.2016.7778636","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007619367","display_name":"Emmanuelle Anceaume","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4158-149X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuelle Anceaume","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, UMR 6074-IRISA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, UMR 6074-IRISA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008470855","display_name":"Thibaut Lajoie-Mazenc","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thibaut Lajoie-Mazenc","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRISA, Rennes, Bretagne, FR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRISA, Rennes, Bretagne, FR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022503765","display_name":"Romaric Ludinard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4997-4813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094214","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information","ror":"https://ror.org/00k206f19","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094214","https://openalex.org/I4210108488"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Romaric Ludinard","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENSAI, UMR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENSAI, UMR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108524772","display_name":"Bruno Sericola","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruno Sericola","raw_affiliation_strings":["INRIA RBA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INRIA RBA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007619367"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.28746619,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98403272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"318","last_page":"325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9536125659942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.9045020341873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7264252305030823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6908204555511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.6470489501953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.6098314523696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5447455644607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ledger","display_name":"Ledger","score":0.48368674516677856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.4825972318649292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4763215482234955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.46994951367378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2514283061027527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.10939216613769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.08065947890281677}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9536125659942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.9045020341873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7264252305030823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6908204555511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.6470489501953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.6098314523696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5447455644607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.48368674516677856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4825972318649292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4763215482234955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.46994951367378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2514283061027527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.10939216613769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08065947890281677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/nca.2016.7778636","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nca.2016.7778636","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69553326","https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1444567531","https://openalex.org/W1819513546","https://openalex.org/W1965159636","https://openalex.org/W1995488889","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2139359217","https://openalex.org/W2183126124","https://openalex.org/W2281208003","https://openalex.org/W2397661077","https://openalex.org/W2963517786","https://openalex.org/W2963997141","https://openalex.org/W2964262836","https://openalex.org/W3137092842","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6602830902","https://openalex.org/W6623621951","https://openalex.org/W6638505603","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6685807058","https://openalex.org/W6712179443","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4303984095","https://openalex.org/W4250942514","https://openalex.org/W3160375675"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Decentralized":[0],"cryptocurrency":[1],"systems":[2],"offer":[3],"a":[4,15,41,108],"medium":[5],"of":[6,14,35,38,49,72,101,111,120,128],"exchange":[7],"secured":[8],"by":[9,46],"cryptography,":[10],"without":[11],"the":[12,25,33,36,39,50,70,77,91,99,118,126,129],"need":[13],"centralized":[16],"banking":[17],"authority.":[18],"Among":[19],"others,":[20],"Bitcoin":[21,112,121],"is":[22],"considered":[23],"as":[24],"most":[26],"mature":[27],"one.":[28],"Its":[29],"popularity":[30],"lies":[31],"on":[32,107],"introduction":[34],"concept":[37],"blockchain,":[40],"public":[42],"distributed":[43],"ledger":[44],"shared":[45],"all":[47],"participants":[48],"system.":[51],"Double":[52],"spending":[53],"attacks":[54],"and":[55],"blockchain":[56,85],"forks":[57,86],"are":[58],"two":[59],"main":[60],"issues":[61],"in":[62,90],"blockchain-based":[63],"protocols.":[64],"The":[65],"first":[66],"one":[67],"refers":[68],"to":[69,75,116],"ability":[71],"an":[73],"adversary":[74],"use":[76],"very":[78],"same":[79],"bitcoin":[80],"more":[81],"than":[82],"once,":[83],"while":[84],"cause":[87],"transient":[88],"inconsistencies":[89],"blockchain.":[92,130],"We":[93],"show":[94],"through":[95],"probabilistic":[96],"analysis":[97],"that":[98,104],"reliability":[100],"recent":[102],"solutions":[103],"exclusively":[105],"rely":[106],"particular":[109],"type":[110],"actors,":[113],"called":[114],"miners,":[115],"guarantee":[117],"consistency":[119],"operations,":[122],"drastically":[123],"decreases":[124],"with":[125],"size":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
