{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215189040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nas51552.2021.9605447","title":"Vulkan vs OpenGL ES: Performance and Energy Efficiency Comparison on the big.LITTLE Architecture","display_name":"Vulkan vs OpenGL ES: Performance and Energy Efficiency Comparison on the big.LITTLE Architecture","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215189040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nas51552.2021.9605447","mag":"3215189040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/nas51552.2021.9605447","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nas51552.2021.9605447","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Architecture and Storage (NAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112429464","display_name":"Michael Lujan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13511017","display_name":"Texas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9q1g27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Lujan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052340925","display_name":"Michael McCrary","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13511017","display_name":"Texas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9q1g27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael McCrary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077982510","display_name":"Blake W. Ford","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13511017","display_name":"Texas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9q1g27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blake W. Ford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008451482","display_name":"Ziliang Zong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2693-7419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13511017","display_name":"Texas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9q1g27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziliang Zong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112429464"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4606,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61265383,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8233820796012878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opengl","display_name":"OpenGL","score":0.8109074234962463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.6819857358932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.6651830673217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microarchitecture","display_name":"Microarchitecture","score":0.5054421424865723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-processor","display_name":"Mobile processor","score":0.491970032453537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.45938757061958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.45097818970680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.43898576498031616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-core-processor","display_name":"Multi-core processor","score":0.4321160614490509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.4128269553184509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4036538600921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.3896157145500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3701115846633911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.33368533849716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.22842514514923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-web","display_name":"Mobile Web","score":0.1889267861843109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-technology","display_name":"Mobile technology","score":0.16083472967147827}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8233820796012878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778305236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178570","display_name":"OpenGL","level":3,"score":0.8109074234962463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.6819857358932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.6651830673217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107598950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259864","display_name":"Microarchitecture","level":2,"score":0.5054421424865723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1665295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887219","display_name":"Mobile processor","level":5,"score":0.491970032453537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.45938757061958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.45097818970680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.43898576498031616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.4321160614490509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.4128269553184509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4036538600921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3896157145500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3701115846633911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.33368533849716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.22842514514923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516764902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1043805","display_name":"Mobile Web","level":4,"score":0.1889267861843109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60952562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887246","display_name":"Mobile technology","level":3,"score":0.16083472967147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/nas51552.2021.9605447","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nas51552.2021.9605447","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Architecture and Storage (NAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2322633102","https://openalex.org/W2568567270","https://openalex.org/W2900994426","https://openalex.org/W6701079056","https://openalex.org/W6731565915"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2347732685","https://openalex.org/W2364238223","https://openalex.org/W2354911658","https://openalex.org/W2365673635","https://openalex.org/W2357147685","https://openalex.org/W2366768441","https://openalex.org/W1547865754","https://openalex.org/W2276000909","https://openalex.org/W2107644726","https://openalex.org/W3128372923"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"apps":[1],"such":[2],"as":[3],"games":[4],"and":[5,43,61,97,120,140,164,173,200,218],"virtual":[6],"reality(VR)":[7],"are":[8,204],"getting":[9],"increasingly":[10],"popular":[11],"but":[12,94],"they":[13],"drain":[14],"battery":[15],"quickly":[16],"due":[17],"to":[18,88,116,157],"the":[19,34,47,53,71,76,90,101,118,201],"heavy":[20,171],"graphics":[21,40],"rending":[22],"process.":[23],"Currently,":[24],"Open":[25],"Graphics":[26],"Library":[27],"for":[28,37,170,206],"Embedded":[29],"Systems":[30],"(OpenGL":[31],"ES)":[32],"is":[33,197],"dominating":[35],"API":[36],"rendering":[38],"advanced":[39],"on":[41,64,100,128,167],"embedded":[42],"mobile":[44,67,82],"systems.":[45],"Despite":[46],"attracting":[48],"usability":[49],"of":[50,56,81,92,123,159],"OpenGL":[51,93,126,185],"ES,":[52],"lacking":[54],"support":[55],"multi-threading":[57,163],"limits":[58],"its":[59,95,189],"performance":[60,96,119,135,220],"power":[62,142],"efficiency":[63,99,122,223],"modern":[65],"multicore":[66],"chips,":[68],"especially":[69],"when":[70,184],"big.LITTLE":[72,102],"architecture":[73,103],"has":[74,104,187],"become":[75],"de":[77],"facto":[78],"industry":[79],"standard":[80],"phones.":[83],"Vulkan":[84,124,153,175,195,215],"was":[85],"recently":[86],"proposed":[87],"address":[89],"weaknesses":[91],"energy":[98,121,160,222],"not":[105,198],"been":[106],"fully":[107],"explored":[108],"yet.":[109],"This":[110],"paper":[111],"conducts":[112],"a":[113,179],"comprehensive":[114],"study":[115],"compare":[117],"versus":[125],"ES":[127,186],"an":[129],"ARM":[130],"processor":[131],"with":[132],"both":[133],"high":[134],"cores":[136,143,169],"(i.e.":[137,144],"big":[138],"cores)":[139],"low":[141],"LITTLE":[145,168],"cores).":[146],"Our":[147],"experimental":[148],"results":[149],"show":[150],"that":[151],"1)":[152],"can":[154,176],"save":[155],"up":[156],"24%":[158],"by":[161],"leveraging":[162],"parallel":[165],"execution":[166],"workloads;":[172],"2)":[174],"render":[177],"at":[178],"much":[180],"higher":[181],"frame":[182],"rate":[183],"reached":[188],"full":[190],"capability.":[191],"Meanwhile,":[192],"writing":[193],"efficient":[194],"code":[196,216],"trivial":[199],"performance/energy":[202],"gains":[203],"negligible":[205],"light":[207],"workloads.":[208],"The":[209],"clear":[210],"tradeoff":[211],"between":[212],"optimizing":[213],"verbose":[214],"manually":[217],"potential":[219],"or":[221],"benefits":[224],"should":[225],"be":[226],"carefully":[227],"considered.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}