{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402673805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nana63151.2024.00095","title":"Testing Object Detection Models For Autonomous Vehicles Against Hazards","display_name":"Testing Object Detection Models For Autonomous Vehicles Against Hazards","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402673805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nana63151.2024.00095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/nana63151.2024.00095","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nana63151.2024.00095","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Conference on Networking and Network Applications (NaNA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038289908","display_name":"Xiaodong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2217-6173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University,Xi&#x2019;an,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University,Xi&#x2019;an,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040747252","display_name":"Jie Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6521-3099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University,Xi&#x2019;an,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University,Xi&#x2019;an,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043356063","display_name":"Yulong Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-705X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulong Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University,Xi&#x2019;an,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University,Xi&#x2019;an,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"117","issue":null,"first_page":"542","last_page":"548"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9675999879837036,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9067000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6615091562271118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5515918731689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37021493911743164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.12062713503837585}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6615091562271118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5515918731689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37021493911743164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.12062713503837585}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/nana63151.2024.00095","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nana63151.2024.00095","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Conference on Networking and Network Applications (NaNA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2764216487","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2890883923","https://openalex.org/W2895177776","https://openalex.org/W2904929882","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2970679500","https://openalex.org/W3101000982","https://openalex.org/W3105806188","https://openalex.org/W3112716182","https://openalex.org/W3117590843","https://openalex.org/W3127647470","https://openalex.org/W4205170504","https://openalex.org/W4229933927","https://openalex.org/W4284682233","https://openalex.org/W4313563570","https://openalex.org/W4360599826","https://openalex.org/W4384155524","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6741036071","https://openalex.org/W6745041639","https://openalex.org/W6784470100","https://openalex.org/W6849520326"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4312842780","https://openalex.org/W2883677709","https://openalex.org/W2922421953"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Perception":[0],"systems":[1,14,55],"play":[2],"a":[3,20,45,63,100,141,145,185,199],"crucial":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,197],"ensuring":[7],"the":[8,41,76,122],"safety":[9],"of":[10,18,22,49,78,87],"autonomous":[11,29,107,151],"vehicles.":[12,73],"These":[13],"must":[15],"be":[16],"capable":[17],"navigating":[19,121],"variety":[21],"challenging":[23],"conditions":[24],"that":[25,52,129],"could":[26,130],"occur":[27],"during":[28],"driving,":[30],"including":[31],"natural":[32],"hazards":[33,170,177],"such":[34],"as":[35],"heavy":[36],"precipitation":[37],"or":[38],"raindrops":[39],"obscuring":[40],"camera":[42],"lens.":[43],"As":[44],"result,":[46],"it":[47,203],"is":[48,97],"utmost":[50],"importance":[51],"these":[53,60,110],"perception":[54,153,220],"undergo":[56],"rigorous":[57],"testing":[58,106,163,194,232],"against":[59,109],"potential":[61,79],"hazards,":[62],"requirement":[64],"enforced":[65],"by":[66,236],"many":[67],"countries\u2019":[68],"regulatory":[69],"bodies":[70],"for":[71,105,143,150,188,226],"human-operated":[72],"However,":[74],"given":[75],"multitude":[77],"hazard":[80,111,148,162,207],"scenarios,":[81,112],"each":[82],"with":[83,113],"its":[84],"own":[85],"set":[86],"adjustable":[88],"parameters,":[89],"two":[90,217],"significant":[91],"challenges":[92],"arise.":[93],"The":[94,116],"first":[95],"challenge":[96,118],"to":[98,126,133,179],"devise":[99],"systematic":[101],"and":[102,214],"comprehensive":[103,205],"method":[104],"vehicles":[108],"quantifiable":[114],"results.":[115],"second":[117],"involves":[119],"efficiently":[120],"vast":[123],"search":[124],"space":[125],"pinpoint":[127],"scenarios":[128],"potentially":[131],"lead":[132],"system":[134],"failure.In":[135],"our":[136,229],"research,":[137],"we":[138,222],"present":[139],"HazardTesting,":[140],"framework":[142],"generating":[144],"diverse,":[146],"customizable":[147],"catalogue":[149],"vehicle":[152],"evaluation.":[154],"This":[155],"tool":[156],"not":[157],"only":[158],"measures":[159],"an":[160],"AV\u2019s":[161],"coverage":[164],"but":[165],"also":[166],"identifies":[167],"critical":[168],"adversarial":[169],"via":[171],"optimization":[172,230],"procedures.":[173],"Encompassing":[174],"70":[175],"unique":[176],"relevant":[178],"AV":[180,206,219],"visual":[181],"perception,":[182],"HazardTesting":[183],"employs":[184],"Genetic":[186],"Algorithm":[187],"efficient":[189],"parameter":[190],"optimization,":[191],"meeting":[192],"different":[193],"objectives.":[195],"Implemented":[196],"Unity,":[198],"leading":[200],"3D":[201],"engine,":[202],"allows":[204],"testing.":[208],"Through":[209],"extensive":[210],"experiments":[211],"on":[212,247],"YOLO":[213],"Faster":[215],"RCNN,":[216],"prevalent":[218],"models,":[221],"found":[223],"substantial":[224],"room":[225],"improvement.":[227],"Notably,":[228],"based":[231],"outperformed":[233],"random":[234],"methods":[235],"detecting":[237],"$\\mathrm{1":[238],"8":[239],"2":[240,242],".":[241],"\\%}$":[243],"more":[244],"perceptual":[245],"errors":[246],"average.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
