{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391381974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwscas57524.2023.10406065","title":"Securing AI Hardware: Challenges in Detecting and Mitigating Hardware Trojans in ML Accelerators","display_name":"Securing AI Hardware: Challenges in Detecting and Mitigating Hardware Trojans in ML Accelerators","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391381974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwscas57524.2023.10406065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwscas57524.2023.10406065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwscas57524.2023.10406065","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 66th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084274584","display_name":"Kevin Immanuel Gubbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1745-0457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Immanuel Gubbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Davis,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Davis,CA,95616"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Davis,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Davis,CA,95616","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696981","display_name":"Inderpreet Kaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-8356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inderpreet Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Davis,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Davis,CA,95616"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Davis,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Davis,CA,95616","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093827909","display_name":"Abdallah Hashem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdallah Hashem","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Davis,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Davis,CA,95616"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Davis,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Davis,CA,95616","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047725314","display_name":"Sai Manoj Pudukotai Dinakarrao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-2387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sai Manoj P D","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University,Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,Fairfax,VA,22030"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University,Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,Fairfax,VA,22030","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047382437","display_name":"Houman Homayoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-4699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houman Homayoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Davis,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Davis,CA,95616"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Davis,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Davis,CA,95616","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060036961","display_name":"Avesta Sasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4052-8075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avesta Sasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Davis,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Davis,CA,95616"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Davis,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Davis,CA,95616","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016438213","display_name":"Soheil Salehi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5998-8795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soheil Salehi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,85721"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,85721","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.276,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95392336,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"821","last_page":"825"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7073253393173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6728925704956055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.6249715089797974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5602895617485046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5079832673072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.504852831363678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.46119049191474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4486973285675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.43888619542121887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3147106170654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.2671377658843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit","display_name":"Integrated circuit","score":0.26684677600860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20077106356620789}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7073253393173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6728925704956055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.6249715089797974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5602895617485046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5079832673072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.504852831363678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.46119049191474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4486973285675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.43888619542121887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3147106170654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2671377658843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.26684677600860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20077106356620789}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwscas57524.2023.10406065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwscas57524.2023.10406065","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 66th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021949528","https://openalex.org/W2048266589","https://openalex.org/W2067523571","https://openalex.org/W2336864643","https://openalex.org/W2478867270","https://openalex.org/W2606854262","https://openalex.org/W2735736138","https://openalex.org/W2756703387","https://openalex.org/W2807765471","https://openalex.org/W2903582334","https://openalex.org/W2921552049","https://openalex.org/W2943220429","https://openalex.org/W2945146780","https://openalex.org/W2945305016","https://openalex.org/W2946801000","https://openalex.org/W2966988831","https://openalex.org/W2988330033","https://openalex.org/W3026196565","https://openalex.org/W3033544024","https://openalex.org/W3090740068","https://openalex.org/W3116501307","https://openalex.org/W3117702972","https://openalex.org/W3133682768","https://openalex.org/W3161742989","https://openalex.org/W3176615306","https://openalex.org/W3213015148","https://openalex.org/W4206336135","https://openalex.org/W4234863022","https://openalex.org/W4253012315","https://openalex.org/W4283696647","https://openalex.org/W4292070520","https://openalex.org/W4293025149","https://openalex.org/W4293261820","https://openalex.org/W4304141692","https://openalex.org/W4315464904","https://openalex.org/W4317209778","https://openalex.org/W4321392963","https://openalex.org/W4322487670","https://openalex.org/W4366456839","https://openalex.org/W4380875572","https://openalex.org/W4380881077","https://openalex.org/W6752765571","https://openalex.org/W6850722221","https://openalex.org/W6851531385"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2759901721","https://openalex.org/W2980931525","https://openalex.org/W2890837522","https://openalex.org/W4383501341","https://openalex.org/W4220808253","https://openalex.org/W3171160604","https://openalex.org/W2546537079","https://openalex.org/W2758713392","https://openalex.org/W1543496531","https://openalex.org/W2518118925"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"Intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"has":[3],"transformed":[4],"multiple":[5],"industries,":[6],"creating":[7],"specialized":[8],"hardware":[9,16,35,81,92,127,149,168],"for":[10,174],"AI/Machine":[11],"Learning":[12],"(ML)":[13],"workloads.":[14],"These":[15],"accelerators":[17],"have":[18],"become":[19],"prevalent":[20],"in":[21,36,72,79,125,147,166,182],"healthcare,":[22],"scientific":[23],"computing,":[24],"space":[25],"ex-ploration,":[26],"the":[27,58,88,91,107,131,142,159],"military,":[28],"and":[29,76,93,105,121,178],"consumer":[30],"electronics.":[31],"However,":[32],"using":[33],"AI":[34,80,126,148],"critical":[37],"systems":[38],"can":[39,52,70,82,100],"pose":[40],"a":[41,84,155],"significant":[42],"risk":[43,133],"due":[44,86],"to":[45,87,119],"potential":[46,160,171],"attack":[47,139],"vectors":[48],"that":[49],"malicious":[50],"entities":[51],"exploit.":[53],"One":[54],"such":[55],"vulnerability":[56],"is":[57,113,128,150],"insertion":[59,136],"of":[60,90,109,134,144,158,162],"Hardware":[61,163],"Trojans":[62,164],"(HT)":[63],"into":[64],"an":[65],"Integrated":[66],"Circuit":[67],"(IC),":[68],"which":[69],"result":[71],"catastrophic":[73],"consequences.":[74],"Detecting":[75],"mitigating":[77,145],"HTs":[78,146],"be":[83],"challenge":[85,143],"complexity":[89],"ML":[94],"algorithms.":[95],"Moreover,":[96],"adversarial":[97],"HT":[98,123,135],"attacks":[99,124],"also":[101],"degrade":[102],"model":[103,110],"accuracy,":[104],"detecting":[106],"cause":[108],"accuracy":[111],"loss":[112],"difficult.":[114],"Thus,":[115],"developing":[116],"effective":[117],"techniques":[118],"detect":[120],"mitigate":[122],"crucial.":[129],"With":[130],"added":[132],"by":[137],"unknown":[138],"vectors,":[140],"addressing":[141],"vital.":[151],"This":[152],"paper":[153],"presents":[154],"comprehensive":[156],"review":[157],"threat":[161],"(HTs)":[165],"AI/ML":[167,176],"accelerators,":[169,177],"provides":[170],"mitigation":[172],"approaches":[173],"securing":[175],"highlights":[179],"open":[180],"challenges":[181],"this":[183],"field.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
