{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1629158952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwscas.2015.7282208","title":"Energy efficiency comparisons of NRZ and PAM4 modulation for ring-resonator-based silicon photonic links","display_name":"Energy efficiency comparisons of NRZ and PAM4 modulation for ring-resonator-based silicon photonic links","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1629158952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwscas.2015.7282208","mag":"1629158952"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwscas.2015.7282208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwscas.2015.7282208","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 58th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114832931","display_name":"Binhao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4040-8444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Binhao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046772540","display_name":"Kunzhi Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0815-5774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunzhi Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100348488","display_name":"Hao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6946-4362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112245798","display_name":"Patrick Yin Chiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Yin Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University, Shanghai, China","Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002814402","display_name":"Samuel Palermo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-1474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Palermo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114832931"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7756,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86069421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.6344258785247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5537190437316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5470890998840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-interconnect","display_name":"Optical interconnect","score":0.5383898019790649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5321416258811951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5260313153266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.5240626335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resonator","display_name":"Resonator","score":0.5183964371681213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4768030345439911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-photonics","display_name":"Silicon photonics","score":0.45004236698150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.42807066440582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3179263174533844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.2584819197654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.25428175926208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2166459560394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21145766973495483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interconnection","display_name":"Interconnection","score":0.19428417086601257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.09192806482315063}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6344258785247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5537190437316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5470890998840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777759342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098860","display_name":"Optical interconnect","level":3,"score":0.5383898019790649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5321416258811951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5260313153266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.5240626335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97126364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonator","level":2,"score":0.5183964371681213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4768030345439911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119423029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3749103","display_name":"Silicon photonics","level":3,"score":0.45004236698150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42807066440582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3179263174533844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2584819197654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25428175926208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2166459560394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21145766973495483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123745756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665949","display_name":"Interconnection","level":2,"score":0.19428417086601257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.09192806482315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwscas.2015.7282208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwscas.2015.7282208","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 58th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984110769","https://openalex.org/W1991122573","https://openalex.org/W2029919131","https://openalex.org/W2087015358","https://openalex.org/W2108973185","https://openalex.org/W2127282927","https://openalex.org/W2144050360","https://openalex.org/W2160507505","https://openalex.org/W2314929746","https://openalex.org/W6672629917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004137893","https://openalex.org/W2095448063","https://openalex.org/W2527131166","https://openalex.org/W3111305937","https://openalex.org/W587555549","https://openalex.org/W2296085454","https://openalex.org/W2472927059","https://openalex.org/W2989093732","https://openalex.org/W4232630919","https://openalex.org/W3021235062"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advanced":[0],"modulation":[1,25],"schemes,":[2],"such":[3],"as":[4,49],"PAM4,":[5],"are":[6,65],"currently":[7],"under":[8],"consideration":[9],"in":[10,129,135],"both":[11],"high-speed":[12],"electrical":[13],"and":[14,23,42,45,80,97,100],"optical":[15,32],"interconnect":[16],"systems.":[17],"This":[18],"paper":[19],"analyzes":[20],"how":[21,46],"NRZ":[22,88],"PAM4":[24,68,78,106],"impacts":[26],"the":[27,105,118,123,130,136],"energy":[28,110],"efficiency":[29,111],"of":[30],"an":[31],"link":[33],"architecture":[34],"based":[35],"on":[36],"silicon":[37],"photonic":[38],"microring":[39],"resonator":[40],"modulators":[41,96],"drop":[43],"filters,":[44],"this":[47],"changes":[48],"CMOS":[50],"technology":[51],"scales":[52],"from":[53,127],"a":[54,57,71,76,81],"65nm":[55,131],"to":[56,117,133],"16nm":[58,137],"node.":[59,138],"Two":[60],"ring":[61,95],"modulator":[62],"device":[63,73,83],"structures":[64],"proposed":[66],"for":[67],"modulation,":[69],"including":[70],"single-segment":[72],"driven":[74,84],"with":[75,93,122],"multi-level":[77],"transmitter":[79,98],"two-segment":[82],"by":[85],"two":[86],"simple":[87],"(MSB/LSB)":[89],"transmitters.":[90],"Modeling":[91],"results":[92],"carrier-depletion":[94],"driver":[99],"receiver":[101],"circuitry":[102],"show":[103],"that":[104],"architectures":[107],"achieve":[108],"superior":[109],"at":[112],"higher":[113],"data":[114],"rates":[115],"due":[116],"relaxed":[119],"circuit":[120],"bandwidth,":[121],"cross-over":[124],"point":[125],"scaling":[126],"30Gb/s":[128],"node":[132],"50Gb/s":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}