{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117892265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2025.3634094","title":"Secure Supply Chain Provenance via PUF-Anchored NFTs and 6G Edge Networks","display_name":"Secure Supply Chain Provenance via PUF-Anchored NFTs and 6G Edge Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117892265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2025.3634094"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.2025.3634094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2025.3634094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2025.3634094","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093577277","display_name":"Fiza Siyal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fiza Siyal","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIMES, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7731-8417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIMES, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011937230","display_name":"Antonella Guzzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3159-0536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonella Guzzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIMES, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3159-0536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIMES, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020445830","display_name":"Fahed Alkhabbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8025-4734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120379","display_name":"Marine Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02r785h72","country_code":"MV","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120379"]}],"countries":["MV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahed Alkhabbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Sustainable Digitalisation Research Centre, Malm&#x00F6; University, 205 06 Malm&#x00F6;, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8025-4734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Sustainable Digitalisation Research Centre, Malm&#x00F6; University, 205 06 Malm&#x00F6;, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023738522","display_name":"D. Sacc\u00e0","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domenico Sacca","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIMES, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3584-5372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIMES, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121743371","display_name":"Giancarlo Fortino","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giancarlo Fortino","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIMES, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4039-891X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIMES, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01632983,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"2","first_page":"50","last_page":"57"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traceability","display_name":"Traceability","score":0.7037000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.6187000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.5546000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.5072000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.48910000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certification","display_name":"Certification","score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.3562999963760376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.7037000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.6187000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.5546000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5113000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.5072000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.48910000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776157020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851598","display_name":"Physical security","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110406131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41349","display_name":"Smart card","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1304207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7189582","display_name":"Physical access","level":3,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777455782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18208068","display_name":"Information-centric networking","level":3,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180932941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q997233","display_name":"White box","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14580979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876049","display_name":"Very-large-scale integration","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779356469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502918","display_name":"Counterfeit","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.2025.3634094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2025.3634094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:mau-81626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-81626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.2025.3634094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2025.3634094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,47,68,120,158],"novel":[3],"blockchain-based":[4,116],"traceability":[5],"system":[6,41],"that":[7,32,162],"uniquely":[8],"combines":[9],"Physical":[10],"Unclonable":[11],"Functions":[12],"(PUFs)":[13],"and":[14,22,79,84,101,128,138,148,166,171],"Non-Fungible":[15],"Tokens":[16],"(NFTs)":[17],"to":[18,45,63],"establish":[19],"secure,":[20],"tamper-evident,":[21],"verifiable":[23],"digital":[24,117],"identities":[25],"for":[26,51,123,169],"physical":[27,113],"products.":[28],"Unlike":[29],"conventional":[30],"approaches":[31],"rely":[33],"solely":[34],"on":[35,67],"serial":[36],"numbers":[37],"or":[38],"barcodes,":[39],"our":[40,142],"uses":[42],"embedded":[43],"PUFs":[44],"generate":[46],"physically":[48],"unclonable":[49],"ID":[50,59],"each":[52],"item,":[53],"ensuring":[54],"hardware-level":[55],"authenticity.":[56],"This":[57,104,156],"PUF":[58,146],"is":[60,106],"cryptographically":[61],"linked":[62],"an":[64],"NFT":[65,150],"minted":[66],"public":[69],"blockchain,":[70],"encapsulating":[71],"metadata":[72],"such":[73],"as":[74],"product":[75],"origin,":[76],"manufacturing":[77],"details,":[78],"certification":[80],"status.":[81],"Associating":[82],"NFTs":[83],"certifications":[85],"with":[86,115],"PUF-tagged":[87],"products":[88],"not":[89],"only":[90],"provides":[91],"transparent":[92],"provenance":[93],"but":[94],"also":[95],"enables":[96],"decentralised":[97],"validation":[98],"of":[99,111],"compliance":[100],"ethical":[102],"standards.":[103],"methodology":[105],"distinct":[107],"in":[108],"its":[109],"integration":[110],"immutable":[112],"identity":[114],"certification,":[118],"offering":[119],"robust":[121],"solution":[122],"enhancing":[124],"transparency,":[125],"combating":[126],"counterfeiting,":[127],"fostering":[129],"trust":[130],"across":[131],"global":[132],"supply":[133,173],"chains.":[134,174],"Furthermore,":[135],"employing":[136],"Edge":[137],"emerging":[139],"6G":[140],"networks,":[141],"framework":[143],"can":[144],"execute":[145],"challenge\u2013response":[147],"preliminary":[149],"minting":[151],"directly":[152],"at":[153],"edge":[154],"nodes.":[155],"establishes":[157],"real-time,":[159],"low-latency":[160],"architecture":[161],"reduces":[163],"network":[164],"congestion":[165],"gas":[167],"costs":[168],"secure":[170],"sustainable":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-01T00:00:00"}
