{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117236868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2025.3634091","title":"Securing the Sky: Integrated Satellite-UAV Physical Layer Security for Low-Altitude Wireless Networks","display_name":"Securing the Sky: Integrated Satellite-UAV Physical Layer Security for Low-Altitude Wireless Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117236868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2025.3634091"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.2025.3634091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2025.3634091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121299469","display_name":"Jiahui Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134929","display_name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/049x38272","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7454-3257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929","https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085514719","display_name":"Geng Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-4908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134929","display_name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/049x38272","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-4908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929","https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaoyu Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9727-1385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134929","display_name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/049x38272","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9727-1385","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929","https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045551804","display_name":"Fang Mei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134929","display_name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/049x38272","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5506-3741","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929","https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121284091","display_name":"Jingjing Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-8952","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072643813","display_name":"Xiangwang Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9449-4854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangwang Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9449-4854","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Daxin Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7796-5650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daxin Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Transportation System, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure Systems and Safety Control, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7796-5650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Transportation System, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure Systems and Safety Control, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107672082","display_name":"Victor C. M. Leung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor C. M. Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3529-2640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68601319,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"1","first_page":"106","last_page":"115"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9498999714851379,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9498999714851379,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.03620000183582306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.6898000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-transmission","display_name":"Secure transmission","score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer","display_name":"Application layer","score":0.325300008058548}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8306000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.6898000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6410999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779814227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444882","display_name":"Secure transmission","level":3,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190793597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189768","display_name":"Application layer","level":3,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776946656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655812","display_name":"Wireless security","level":4,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173104861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476032","display_name":"Wireless Transport Layer Security","level":5,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192835768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194134","display_name":"Data link layer","level":4,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117468950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208074","display_name":"Network layer","level":3,"score":0.25110000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.2025.3634091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2025.3634091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/211722","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/211722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1870345133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6464733988","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272194","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285226140","https://openalex.org/W4385287226","https://openalex.org/W4394678608","https://openalex.org/W4400071229","https://openalex.org/W4400644893","https://openalex.org/W4400878491","https://openalex.org/W4401508682","https://openalex.org/W4401878743","https://openalex.org/W4405710306","https://openalex.org/W4407448560","https://openalex.org/W4407826032","https://openalex.org/W4408791095","https://openalex.org/W4415123995","https://openalex.org/W7105988713"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low-altitude":[0],"wireless":[1,166],"networks":[2],"(LAWNs)":[3],"have":[4],"garnered":[5],"significant":[6],"attention":[7],"in":[8,50,112,193],"the":[9,46,73,173],"forthcoming":[10],"6G":[11],"networks.":[12],"In":[13,57],"LAWNs,":[14],"satellites":[15],"with":[16,24],"wide":[17],"coverage":[18],"and":[19,39,85,121,138,161,186],"unmanned":[20],"aerial":[21,141],"vehicles":[22],"(UAVs)":[23],"flexible":[25],"mobility":[26],"can":[27],"complement":[28],"each":[29],"other":[30],"to":[31,178],"form":[32],"integrated":[33,77],"satellite-UAV":[34,78],"networks,":[35,79,106],"thereby":[36],"providing":[37],"ubiquitous":[38],"high-speed":[40],"connectivity":[41],"for":[42,69,88,97,147,163,190],"low-altitude":[43,51,165],"operations.":[44],"However,":[45],"higher":[47],"line-of-sight":[48],"probability":[49],"airspace":[52],"increases":[53],"transmission":[54],"security":[55,67,111,157,192],"concerns.":[56],"this":[58],"work,":[59],"we":[60,93,126,182],"present":[61],"a":[62,134,139],"collaborative":[63,86,98],"beamforming-based":[64],"physical":[65,80,109,155],"layer":[66,81,110,156],"scheme":[68],"LAWNs.":[70,194],"We":[71],"introduce":[72],"fundamental":[74],"aspects":[75],"of":[76],"security,":[82],"UAV":[83,99],"swarms,":[84],"beamforming":[87],"LAWN":[89,148,179],"applications.":[90],"Following":[91],"this,":[92],"highlight":[94],"several":[95],"opportunities":[96],"swarm":[100],"secure":[101,135,142,164],"applications":[102],"enabled":[103],"by":[104],"satellite":[105],"including":[107],"achieving":[108],"scenarios":[113],"involving":[114],"data":[115,117],"dissemination,":[116],"relay,":[118],"eavesdropper":[119,123],"collusion,":[120],"imperfect":[122],"information.":[124],"Next,":[125],"detail":[127],"two":[128],"case":[129],"studies,":[130],"<italic":[131],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[132],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">i.e.</i>,":[133],"relay":[136],"system":[137],"two-way":[140],"communication":[143],"framework":[144],"specifically":[145],"designed":[146],"environments.":[149],"Simulation":[150],"results":[151],"demonstrate":[152],"that":[153,172],"these":[154],"schemes":[158],"are":[159],"effective":[160],"beneficial":[162],"communications.":[167],"A":[168],"practicality":[169],"analysis":[170],"shows":[171],"proposed":[174],"method":[175],"is":[176],"applicable":[177],"scenarios.":[180],"Finally,":[181],"discuss":[183],"current":[184],"challenges":[185],"future":[187],"research":[188],"directions":[189],"enhancing":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-29T23:13:10.619473","created_date":"2025-12-25T00:00:00"}
