{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4250053369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2018.8403944","title":"Spectrum Policy and Regulatory Issues","display_name":"Spectrum Policy and Regulatory Issues","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4250053369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2018.8403944"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.2018.8403944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2018.8403944","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7742/8403915/08403944.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7742/8403915/08403944.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077381025","display_name":"Michael J. Marcus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4521-9079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Marcus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech's Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech's Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077381025"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44685429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"3","first_page":"8","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.7509999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.7509999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislation","display_name":"Legislation","score":0.8830655813217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.6251940727233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.5267065167427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5057530403137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum-management","display_name":"Spectrum management","score":0.4787696897983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multinational-corporation","display_name":"Multinational corporation","score":0.4557797610759735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.4236566424369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-administration","display_name":"Public administration","score":0.3995864987373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.37057656049728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.30087676644325256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2910568416118622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.2664843797683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.20398330688476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.1894949972629547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.8830655813217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.6251940727233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5267065167427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5057530403137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63029442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504978","display_name":"Spectrum management","level":4,"score":0.4787696897983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158016649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161726","display_name":"Multinational corporation","level":2,"score":0.4557797610759735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4236566424369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.3995864987373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.37057656049728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30087676644325256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2910568416118622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2664843797683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.20398330688476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1894949972629547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.2018.8403944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2018.8403944","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7742/8403915/08403944.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.2018.8403944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2018.8403944","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7742/8403915/08403944.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4250053369.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4250053369.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71660863","https://openalex.org/W2019716670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085929198","https://openalex.org/W560905060","https://openalex.org/W2380896940","https://openalex.org/W2606446052","https://openalex.org/W2036021480","https://openalex.org/W3146347817","https://openalex.org/W2372275786","https://openalex.org/W2360757248","https://openalex.org/W4248941464","https://openalex.org/W2373266248"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reports":[0],"on":[1,186],"the":[2,10,20,23,29,36,43,48,69,88,99,110,112,129,152,182,189],"\"Consolidated":[3],"Appropriations":[4],"Act,":[5],"2018\",":[6],"also":[7],"informally":[8],"called":[9],"\u201c2018":[11],"Omnibus":[12],"Spending":[13],"Bill.\"":[14],"This":[15],"bill":[16],"was":[17],"signed":[18],"by":[19,28,109],"President":[21],"of":[22,39,42,50,55,68,71,82,85,90,98,101,128,191],"United":[24,113],"State":[25],"following":[26],"approval":[27],"U.S.":[30,44],"Congress.":[31],"While":[32,93],"this":[33,83,91,102,134,192],"legislation":[34,135,155],"had":[35],"direct":[37],"purpose":[38],"final":[40],"funding":[41],"federal":[45],"government":[46],"for":[47,119],"remainder":[49],"Fiscal":[51],"Year":[52],"2018,":[53],"much":[54,81,97],"its":[56],"text":[57],"deals":[58],"with":[59,75],"various":[60,149],"policy":[61,78,146],"issues.":[62,202],"In":[63],"particular,":[64],"35":[65],"pages":[66,73],"out":[67],"total":[70],"878":[72],"deal":[74],"several":[76],"telecommunications":[77],"issues,":[79],"and":[80,126,143,176,194,200],"is":[84,115],"interest":[86],"to":[87,179],"readers":[89],"magazine.":[92],"we":[94],"recognize":[95],"that":[96,122],"membership":[100],"multinational":[103],"society":[104],"are":[105],"not":[106,196],"directly":[107],"impacted":[108],"legislation,":[111],"States":[114],"a":[116],"large":[117],"market":[118],"wireless":[120],"technology":[121],"will":[123,195],"be":[124],"affected,":[125],"some":[127,163],"specific":[130],"issues":[131,187],"raised":[132],"in":[133,140,148,151,162],"may":[136],"well":[137,168],"come":[138],"up":[139],"both":[141,157],"international":[142],"national":[144],"spectrum":[145,165,171],"deliberations":[147],"countries":[150],"future.":[153],"The":[154],"affected":[156],"unlicensed":[158],"(called":[159],"\u201clicense":[160],"exempt\u201d":[161],"countries)":[164],"use":[166,172],"as":[167,169],"licensed":[170],"(e.g.,":[173],"land":[174],"mobile":[175],"broadcasting).":[177],"Due":[178],"space":[180],"limitations,":[181],"discussion":[183],"below":[184],"focuses":[185],"within":[188],"scope":[190],"magazine":[193],"cover":[197],"nonspectrum,":[198],"broadcasting,":[199],"satellite":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
