{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2533835300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2016.1500181rp","title":"Future Alternative Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Techniques: A Survey","display_name":"Future Alternative Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Techniques: A Survey","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2533835300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2016.1500181rp","mag":"2533835300"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.2016.1500181rp","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2016.1500181rp","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026973164","display_name":"Shuai Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9606-3476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100278","display_name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0188rvx33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology","State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation xqSystem and Equipment Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation xqSystem and Equipment Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055137889","display_name":"Zijun Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8300-6672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijun Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Memorial University of Newfoundland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101940082","display_name":"Weixiao Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8938-2866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixiao Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100354297","display_name":"Cheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3424-2414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Memorial University of Newfoundland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028868067","display_name":"Xuemai Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6011-9885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuemai Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2995},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":129.7652,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99845284,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"154","last_page":"160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9410123825073242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7761215567588806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6691547632217407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5519027709960938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4916868805885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.42030423879623413}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9410123825073242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7761215567588806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6691547632217407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5519027709960938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4916868805885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.42030423879623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.2016.1500181rp","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2016.1500181rp","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-160060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-160060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994070794","https://openalex.org/W2000529372","https://openalex.org/W2019423893","https://openalex.org/W2035337864","https://openalex.org/W2046258951","https://openalex.org/W2066900943","https://openalex.org/W2068241680","https://openalex.org/W2071032428","https://openalex.org/W2099061665","https://openalex.org/W2120363252","https://openalex.org/W2163073880","https://openalex.org/W2596014993","https://openalex.org/W2597062967","https://openalex.org/W2599827473","https://openalex.org/W6659232207","https://openalex.org/W6662002328","https://openalex.org/W6734636426","https://openalex.org/W6735113741","https://openalex.org/W6735210960"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2163330330","https://openalex.org/W2881093137","https://openalex.org/W1982137911","https://openalex.org/W4288060108","https://openalex.org/W2227743261","https://openalex.org/W4386787199","https://openalex.org/W1581277708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"GNSS":[1,33,56,86],"has":[2,46],"been":[3,116],"considered":[4],"the":[5,32,52,59,62,82,119,126,145],"first":[6],"choice":[7],"for":[8,95,98],"providing":[9],"PNT":[10,67,102],"services":[11,68,103],"to":[12,37,106],"telecommunications,":[13],"power":[14],"industry,":[15],"and":[16,28,43,64,109,132,134],"transportation":[17],"applications":[18],"because":[19,50],"of":[20,23,51,55,84,129],"its":[21],"advantages":[22],"wide":[24],"coverage,":[25],"high":[26],"accuracy,":[27],"low":[29],"cost.":[30],"However,":[31],"is":[34],"inherently":[35],"vulnerable":[36],"intended":[38],"or":[39],"unintended":[40],"radio":[41],"interference,":[42],"this":[44,89],"threat":[45],"become":[47],"more":[48],"serious":[49],"easy":[53],"availability":[54],"jammers":[57],"on":[58,73],"market.":[60],"From":[61],"robustness":[63],"safety":[65],"perspectives,":[66],"should":[69],"not":[70],"solely":[71],"rely":[72],"GNSS.":[74],"APNT":[75,93,152],"solutions":[76,94,113],"must":[77],"be":[78],"made":[79],"available":[80],"in":[81,121,151],"case":[83],"a":[85],"outage.":[87],"In":[88],"article,":[90],"we":[91,143],"investigate":[92],"aerial":[96],"vehicles":[97],"which":[99],"highly":[100],"standardized":[101],"are":[104],"required":[105],"ensure":[107],"secure":[108],"safe":[110],"transportation,":[111],"including":[112],"that":[114],"have":[115],"proposed":[117],"by":[118,147],"FAA":[120],"North":[122],"America.":[123],"We":[124],"discuss":[125],"basic":[127],"principle":[128],"each":[130],"solution":[131],"analyze":[133],"compare":[135],"their":[136],"characteristics":[137],"under":[138],"different":[139],"application":[140],"scenarios.":[141],"Finally,":[142],"conclude":[144],"article":[146],"predicting":[148],"future":[149],"trends":[150],"solutions.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
