{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102112553","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2014.7000981","title":"Key elements to enable millimeter wave communications for 5G wireless systems","display_name":"Key elements to enable millimeter wave communications for 5G wireless systems","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102112553","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2014.7000981","mag":"2102112553"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.2014.7000981","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2014.7000981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090064960","display_name":"Lili Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2428-4111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158342","display_name":"Intel (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/058cxws58","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700","https://openalex.org/I4210158342"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lili Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057118326","display_name":"Rose Qingyang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1571-3631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rose Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utah State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utah State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073527013","display_name":"Yi Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-916X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nebraska-Lincoln","#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# University of Nebraska-Lincoln#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nebraska-Lincoln","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# University of Nebraska-Lincoln#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002425471","display_name":"Geng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7259-1044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158342","display_name":"Intel (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/058cxws58","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700","https://openalex.org/I4210158342"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158342"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090064960"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158342"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.205,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":479,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99548697,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"6","first_page":"136","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7887383103370667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6812620162963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5909839272499084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.535769522190094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.47813236713409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.45442038774490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband","display_name":"Broadband","score":0.4507165849208832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.44272521138191223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-communication","display_name":"Cellular communication","score":0.4392596483230591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4339728057384491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.4311855733394623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.42874181270599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backhaul","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","score":0.41071265935897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3590173125267029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10165438055992126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7887383103370667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6812620162963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5909839272499084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.535769522190094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.47813236713409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.45442038774490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.4507165849208832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.44272521138191223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30436405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210973","display_name":"Cellular communication","level":3,"score":0.4392596483230591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4339728057384491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4311855733394623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.42874181270599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103760667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798444","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","level":3,"score":0.41071265935897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3590173125267029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10165438055992126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.2014.7000981","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2014.7000981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01krpsy48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W635276851","https://openalex.org/W2034643337","https://openalex.org/W2045907783","https://openalex.org/W2049501010","https://openalex.org/W2049791297","https://openalex.org/W2077793016","https://openalex.org/W2095843437","https://openalex.org/W2103972037","https://openalex.org/W2104074482","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2120867684","https://openalex.org/W2128248514","https://openalex.org/W2135517533","https://openalex.org/W2497369044","https://openalex.org/W3183405558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951015761","https://openalex.org/W3010715985","https://openalex.org/W1579876584","https://openalex.org/W3158483886","https://openalex.org/W2284480798","https://openalex.org/W2902017755","https://openalex.org/W4307053970","https://openalex.org/W4390860228","https://openalex.org/W2786534237","https://openalex.org/W2191948661"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"cellular":[1,56],"spectrum":[2],"at":[3],"below":[4],"3":[5],"GHz":[6],"bands":[7],"is":[8,129,160,180],"experiencing":[9],"severe":[10],"shortage":[11],"and":[12,73,78,114,142],"cannot":[13],"keep":[14],"up":[15],"with":[16,40,153],"the":[17,24,28,35,166],"dramatic":[18],"proliferation":[19],"of":[20,63,150,169],"mobile":[21],"traffic":[22],"in":[23,98,126,135,156,165],"near":[25],"future,":[26],"requiring":[27],"search":[29],"for":[30,53,66,176],"innovative":[31],"solutions":[32],"to":[33,83,94,108,139],"enable":[34,95],"5G":[36,54,67],"era.":[37],"mmWave":[38,64,96,104,127,136,151,163,174],"communications,":[39],"a":[41,51,60],"possible":[42,143],"gigabit-per-second":[43],"data":[44],"rate,":[45],"have":[46],"attracted":[47],"great":[48],"attention":[49],"as":[50],"candidate":[52],"broadband":[55],"communication":[57,159],"networks.":[58,172],"However,":[59],"complete":[61],"characterization":[62],"links":[65],"wireless":[68],"networks":[69],"still":[70],"remains":[71],"elusive":[72],"there":[74],"are":[75,116,145],"many":[76],"challenges":[77],"research":[79],"areas":[80],"that":[81],"need":[82],"be":[84],"addressed.":[85],"In":[86],"this":[87],"work":[88],"we":[89],"discuss":[90],"several":[91],"key":[92],"elements":[93],"communications":[97,137],"5G:":[99],"\u00b7":[100,118,131,147,162,173],"Channel":[101],"characteristics":[102],"regarding":[103],"signal":[105],"attenuation":[106],"due":[107,138],"free":[109],"space":[110],"propagation,":[111],"atmospheric":[112],"gaseous":[113],"rain":[115],"explained.":[117],"The":[119,132,148],"hybrid":[120],"(digital":[121],"plus":[122],"analog)":[123],"beamforming":[124],"architecture":[125],"system":[128],"discussed.":[130,182],"blockage":[133],"effect":[134],"penetration":[140],"loss":[141],"approaches":[144],"presented.":[146],"application":[149],"transmission":[152,164,175],"narrow":[154],"beams":[155],"non-orthogonal":[157],"device-todevice":[158],"proposed.":[161],"booster":[167],"cell":[168,178],"heterogeneous":[170],"anchor-booster":[171],"small":[177],"backhaul":[179],"further":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}