{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200764468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.201.2000512","title":"4C: A Computation, Communication, and Control Co-Design Framework for CAVs","display_name":"4C: A Computation, Communication, and Control Co-Design Framework for CAVs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200764468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.201.2000512","mag":"3200764468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.201.2000512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.201.2000512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039156669","display_name":"Liangkai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-9859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liangkai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wayne State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wayne State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050739558","display_name":"Shaoshan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5132-8351"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoshan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Perceptin"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Perceptin","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651611","display_name":"Weisong Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5864-4675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weisong Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wayne State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wayne State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039156669"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8022,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71969669,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"4","first_page":"42","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7603687047958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.722122073173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5773341059684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5263710618019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4904934763908386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.48430147767066956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4779351055622101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.46414342522621155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24284860491752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.17415404319763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11826139688491821}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7603687047958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.722122073173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5773341059684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5263710618019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4904934763908386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.48430147767066956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4779351055622101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.46414342522621155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24284860491752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.17415404319763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11826139688491821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.201.2000512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.201.2000512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049384405","https://openalex.org/W2206222117","https://openalex.org/W2767028498","https://openalex.org/W2787134167","https://openalex.org/W2791175987","https://openalex.org/W2901136733","https://openalex.org/W2926671599","https://openalex.org/W2981207549","https://openalex.org/W3023961171","https://openalex.org/W3028002358","https://openalex.org/W3110923198","https://openalex.org/W3134818623","https://openalex.org/W6756486208","https://openalex.org/W6783830147","https://openalex.org/W6786345871"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092530219","https://openalex.org/W2388464034","https://openalex.org/W2533125852","https://openalex.org/W2140460949","https://openalex.org/W2105580438","https://openalex.org/W2057435755","https://openalex.org/W2018782216","https://openalex.org/W2949620858","https://openalex.org/W2770877918","https://openalex.org/W1989375655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Connected":[0],"and":[1,12,15,20,26,31,37,58,70,83,108,135,145,156],"autonomous":[2,159],"vehicles":[3,36],"(CAVs)":[4],"are":[5,40,74],"promising":[6],"due":[7],"to":[8,65,166],"their":[9],"potential":[10],"safety":[11],"efficiency":[13,84],"benefits,":[14],"have":[16,62],"attracted":[17],"massive":[18],"investment":[19],"interest":[21],"from":[22],"government":[23],"agencies,":[24],"industry,":[25],"academia.":[27],"With":[28,139],"more":[29],"computing":[30],"communication":[32],"resources":[33],"available,":[34],"both":[35],"edge":[38],"servers":[39],"equipped":[41],"with":[42],"a":[43,131],"set":[44],"of":[45,85,105,115,170],"cam-era-based":[46],"vision":[47,114,169],"sensors,":[48],"also":[49],"known":[50],"as":[51],"Visual":[52],"IoT":[53],"(VIoT)":[54],"techniques,":[55],"for":[56,120],"sensing":[57],"perception.":[59],"Tremendous":[60],"efforts":[61],"been":[63],"made":[64],"achieve":[66,157],"programmable":[67,140],"communication,":[68,106,133],"computation,":[69,107,134,144],"control.":[71,109],"However,":[72],"they":[73],"conducted":[75],"mainly":[76],"in":[77,89,149],"silo":[78],"mode,":[79],"limiting":[80],"the":[81,90,95,116,126,168,171],"responsiveness":[82],"handling":[86],"challenging":[87],"scenarios":[88,155],"real":[91],"world.":[92],"To":[93],"improve":[94],"end-to-end":[96,117],"performance,":[97],"we":[98,162],"envision":[99],"that":[100],"future":[101],"CAVs":[102,151],"require":[103],"co-design":[104,137],"This":[110],"article":[111],"presents":[112],"our":[113],"design":[118],"principle":[119],"CAVs,":[121],"called":[122],"4C,":[123,150],"which":[124],"extends":[125],"VIoT":[127],"system":[128],"by":[129],"providing":[130],"unified":[132],"control":[136],"framework.":[138,173],"communications,":[141],"fine-grained":[142],"heterogeneous":[143],"efficient":[146],"vehicle":[147],"controls":[148],"can":[152],"handle":[153],"critical":[154],"energy-efficient":[158],"driving.":[160],"Finally,":[161],"present":[163],"several":[164],"challenges":[165],"achieving":[167],"4C":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}