{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226330150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.007.2100545","title":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for Physical Layer Key Generation: Constructive or Destructive?","display_name":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for Physical Layer Key Generation: Constructive or Destructive?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226330150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.007.2100545"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.007.2100545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.007.2100545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013730149","display_name":"Guyue Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1145-1168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guyue Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,China","Southeast University, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101869953","display_name":"Lei Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1792-5283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,China","Southeast University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063239561","display_name":"Paul Staat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7539-4847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096592","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy","ror":"https://ror.org/00bj0r217","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210096592"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Staat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy,Germany","Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096592"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096592"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060485788","display_name":"H. Elders\u2013Boll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4397-7113"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harald Elders-Boll","raw_affiliation_strings":["TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences,Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030110336","display_name":"Christian Zenger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1638-948X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096191","display_name":"Iteratec (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00v9sab02","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096191"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Zenger","raw_affiliation_strings":["PHYSEC GmbH,Germany","PHYSEC GmbH, Germany","Ruhr University, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PHYSEC GmbH,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PHYSEC GmbH, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr University, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041748332","display_name":"Christof Paar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8681-2277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096592","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy","ror":"https://ror.org/00bj0r217","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210096592"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christof Paar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy,Germany","Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096592"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096592"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075678549","display_name":"Aiqun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0398-4899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiqun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,China","Southeast University, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013730149"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350","https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0649,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96202183,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"4","first_page":"146","last_page":"153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7930493354797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.6259424090385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation","display_name":"Key generation","score":0.5683624744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5503173470497131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.546840250492096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.464485228061676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.43409276008605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constructive","display_name":"Constructive","score":0.41226693987846375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20556163787841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17685839533805847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.09899529814720154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7930493354797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.6259424090385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.5683624744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5503173470497131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.546840250492096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.464485228061676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.43409276008605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778701210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28130034","display_name":"Constructive","level":3,"score":0.41226693987846375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20556163787841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17685839533805847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.09899529814720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.007.2100545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.007.2100545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G543543575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20211160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G601026658","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092939357","https://openalex.org/W2102187818","https://openalex.org/W2325670192","https://openalex.org/W2783348440","https://openalex.org/W3007256892","https://openalex.org/W3037642437","https://openalex.org/W3041569330","https://openalex.org/W3049088677","https://openalex.org/W3114262415","https://openalex.org/W3131368335","https://openalex.org/W3132465714","https://openalex.org/W3178081691","https://openalex.org/W3188997848","https://openalex.org/W3209252509","https://openalex.org/W4206016832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320075926","https://openalex.org/W3167206921","https://openalex.org/W1919042217","https://openalex.org/W3080982036","https://openalex.org/W3205185567","https://openalex.org/W3209591750","https://openalex.org/W2995273700","https://openalex.org/W4280526795","https://openalex.org/W2906312651","https://openalex.org/W4401387566"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical":[0],"layer":[1],"key":[2,120,156],"generation":[3,121],"(PKG)":[4],"is":[5,29,49],"a":[6,104,119,128],"promising":[7],"means":[8],"to":[9,37,51,61,164,179],"provide":[10],"on-the-fly":[11],"shared":[12],"secret":[13,116,155],"keys":[14],"by":[15,158,176],"exploiting":[16],"the":[17,21,25,33,42,62,68,76,80,112,115,147,153,165,202],"intrinsic":[18],"randomness":[19],"of":[20,27,40,73,114,124,133,201],"radio":[22],"channel.":[23],"However,":[24],"performance":[26],"PKG":[28,77,150,197],"highly":[30],"dependent":[31],"on":[32,75],"propagation":[34],"environments.":[35],"Due":[36],"its":[38],"feature":[39],"controlling":[41],"wireless":[43,96],"environment,":[44],"reconfigurable":[45],"intelligent":[46],"surface":[47],"(RIS)":[48],"appealing":[50],"be":[52,174],"applied":[53],"in":[54,59,94,103,143,199],"PKG.":[55],"In":[56,98,135],"this":[57],"article,":[58],"contrast":[60],"existing":[63],"literature,":[64],"we":[65,83,168,191],"investigate":[66],"both":[67],"constructive":[69,81],"and":[70,87,183,186],"destructive":[71],"effects":[72],"RIS":[74,109,172],"scheme.":[78],"For":[79],"aspect,":[82],"have":[84],"identified":[85],"static":[86,105],"wave-blockage":[88],"environments":[89],"as":[90],"two":[91],"RIS-empowered-PKG":[92],"applications":[93],"future":[95,193],"systems.":[97],"particular,":[99],"our":[100],"experimental":[101],"results":[102],"environment":[106],"showed":[107],"that":[108,171],"can":[110],"enhance":[111],"entropy":[113],"key,":[117],"achieving":[118],"rate":[122,131,157],"(KGR)":[123],"97.39":[125],"bit/s":[126],"with":[127],"bit":[129],"disagreement":[130],"(BDR)":[132],"0.083.":[134],"multi-user":[136],"systems":[137,198],"where":[138],"some":[139],"remote":[140],"users":[141],"are":[142],"worse":[144],"channel":[145],"conditions,":[146],"proposed":[148],"RIS-assisted":[149],"algorithm":[151],"improves":[152],"sum":[154],"more":[159],"than":[160],"2":[161],"dB,":[162],"compared":[163],"literature.":[166],"Furthermore,":[167],"point":[169],"out":[170],"could":[173],"utilized":[175],"an":[177],"attacker":[178],"perform":[180],"new":[181],"jamming":[182],"leakage":[184],"attacks":[185],"give":[187],"countermeasures,":[188],"respectively.":[189],"Finally,":[190],"outline":[192],"research":[194],"directions":[195],"for":[196],"light":[200],"RIS.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}